Radiation

Dr. P. R. Dhamangaonkar

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P R Dhamangaonkar
Radiation
The third mode of heat transfer is termed thermal radiation. All
surfaces of finite temperature emit energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
When a temperature difference exists between two surfaces, a net
heat transfer by radiation can occur even in the absence of any
intervening medium.

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 Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation identifying the spectral region
thermal radiation pertinent to heat transfer.

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Radiation Quantities and Processes

1. Emissive Power and Total Emissive Power

2. Irradiation and Total Irradiation

3. Radiosity and Total Radiosity

Surface Energy Balance

Example 1: Radiation Processes and Surface Energy Balances

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Blackbody Radiation
Blackbody properties

A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength

and direction.

For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit

more energy than a blackbody.

Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is a function of

wavelength and temperature, it is independent of direction. That is,
the blackbody is a diffuse emitter.

The blackbody serves as a standard against, the radiative properties of

actual surfaces are compared.
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No surface has precisely the properties of a blackbody. The closest
approximation is achieved by a cavity with a small aperture whose
inner surface is at a uniform temperature. This isothermal cavity has
following characteristics:

a) Complete absorption

b) Diffused emission

c) Diffused irradiation on interior

surface

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Planks Law :
The maximum amount of radiant energy that can be emitted at a
given temperature and at a given wavelength is monochromatic
emissive power and is given as

Where

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Planck spectral distribution
The emitted radiation varies
continuously with wavelength.
At any wavelength the magnitude
of the emitted radiation increases
with increasing temperature.
The spectral region in which the
radiation is concentrated depends
on temperature,with comparatively
more radiation appearing at shorter
wavelengths as the temperature
increases.

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Wiens Displacement Law
From Fig. we see that the blackbody spectral distribution has a
maximum and that the corresponding wavelength max depends on
temperature. The nature of this dependence is obtained by
differentiating Planks equation with respect to and equating to
zero.

According to this result, the maximum spectral emissive power is

displaced to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperature.
With increasing temperature, shorter wavelengths become more
prominent, until eventually significant emission occurs over the
entire visible spectrum.
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P R Dhamangaonkar
The StefanBoltzmann Law
Emmissive power of a black body depends only on temeperature and
is proportional to the forth power of its absolute temperature.

Integrating this equation:

Where = Stefan Boltzman constant 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4

Example 2: Characteristics of Blackbody Radiation

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 Radiation from real surfaces
For a gray body emmissivity is independent of .

Hence ====

Averege emissivity of real body ==E/Eb

Total averege absorptivity=

Clean and polished surface have low value of emisitive

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 Representative values of the total emissivity, .

Example 3: Total Emissivity from the Spectral Emissivity Distribution

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Blackbody Radiation Function and Band Emission
Eb = T4
T
For a prescribed temperature and in the
wavelength interval from 0 to , the
band emission fraction is determined
by the ratio of the section between two
wavelengths to the total area under the
blackbody curve

2
1

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Solid Angle

An = r2 sindd The solid angle with which a

n
surface A is seen from a certain
point P (or dA1 ) is defined as
rd
rsin the projection of the surface
onto a plane normal to the
r r sin d direction vector, divided by the

distance squared.
d

dA1 d

Solid Angle subtended by hemisphere= 2

Solid Angle subtended by Full sphere= 4

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The spectral Intensity of Radiation Ib

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The spectral emissive power associated with dA1= dE

If the spectral and directional distribution of Ibis known, then spectral

emissive power associated with the emission,

The total hemispherical emissive power Eb is

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Lambart cosine Law
The total emission from a surface in any direction is proportional to the
cosine of the angle of emission.

E = En cos
Radiosity: (J) W/m2
J = Eb+G For Gray surface at thermal equillibrium = (1- )

J = Eb + (1- ) G

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Total rate of energy leaving the surface = AJ
Total rate of energy incident on the surface = AG

Net radiant energy leaving the surface = Q = AJ AG = A(J G)

For Black surface = = 1 & = 0 hence J = Eb

Q = A(Eb G)

For Gray surface Q = A (J G)

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Radiation View Factor
A1, T2
dA1

n2
2

r
n1 Rate of radiation energy leaving dA1 &
1 striking dA2
dA1

A1, T1

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 Total Rate of radiation energy leaving A1 & intercepted by A2

where

Thus the View factor Fi-j is the ratio of Radiation energy leaving
surface i and that reaches j directly to Total energy leaving the surface.

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Similarly Total Rate of radiation energy leaving A2 & intercepted by
A1

where

The net heat exchange between two black bodies:

Qnet= Q1-2 Q2-1 = A1F1-2[Eb1-Eb2] A2F2-1[Eb1-Eb2]
The net heat exchange between two gray diffuse surfaces:
Qnet= Q1-2 Q2-1 = A1F1-2[J1-J2] A2F2-1[J1-J2]

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The view factor relations:
A. Some evident results:
a. For Flat and Concave Surface F1-1= 0.
b. For Convex Surface F1-1 0.
2
B. Some configurations:

1 2 1

2 1
F1-2=F2-1=1 F1-2= & F2-1=0 F1-2= & F2-1= 0
c
a b

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C. Reciprocity Rule
TN T1
A1 F1-2= A2 F2-1 T2
TN-1
D. Summation Rule
T3
The conservation of energy principle:
Ti
The entire radiation leaving surface i
must be absorbed by all surfaces of the
enclosure.

Sum of view factors from surface i of an enclosure with respect

to all surfaces of enclosure including itself must be UNITY.

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Applying the rule to each N surfaces.

F1-1 +F1-2 +F1-3+.. +F 1-N = 1

F2-1 +F2-2 +F2-3+.. +F 2-N = 1

F3-1 +F3-2 +F3-3+.. +F 3-N = 1

FN-1 +FN-2 +FN-3+.. +F N-N = 1

[N(N-1)] view factors are to be obtained directly and

remaining from summation rule.

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E. Supperposition or additive rule:
View factors if not available in standard tables, then given geometry
is approximated as sum or difference of some geometry of known
factor.
A2=A 3+A4
F1-2 = F1-3+F 1-4
A3
A1 F1-2 = A1 F1-3+ A1 F 1-4
A4
By applying reciprocity rule

A2 F2-1 = A3 F3-1+ A4 F 4-1 A1

F2-1 =[(A3 F3-1+ A4 F 4-1)/ A2 ]

If A2 is devided in N parts then,

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F. Symmetry Rule
The identical surfaces 2 and 3 are oriented identical w. r. t.
surface 1

The surfaces will intercept identical amount of 2 1 H

radiation leaving surface 1
3
F1-2 = F1-3 L=H

The rule states that,

two or more surfaces that poseses symmetry about third surface
will have identical view factors w.r.t. third surface.

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For Illustration:
Determine the view factor of two surface enclosure involving
spherical surfaces.=

The number of shape factors to be determined 2

directly = N/2(N-1) = 1

Surface 1 convex, hence F1-1= 0 & F1-2= 1

1
F2-1= 1 & Hence F2-2 0
From summation rule,
F1-1+F1-2=1 F1-2 = 1

F2-1+F2-2=1 A1 F1-2 = A2 F2-1

F2-1 =(A1/A2) and F2-2 =1-(A1/A2)

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 Black body radiation:

Consider radiation exchange between two black bodies having

surface area A1 and A2
The rate of energy leaving surface 1 & absorbed by 2 is

Q1-2= A1 F1-2 Eb1 = A1 F1-2 T1 4

Similarly Q2-1= A2 F2-1 Eb2 = A2 F2-1 T2 4

Net radiation exchange
Qnet= A1 F1-2 (T14-T24) = A2 F2-1 (T14- T2 4)

A2

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Solid Angle
The solid angle with which
a surface Aj is seen from a
certain point P (or dAi in) is
defined as the projection of
the surface onto a plane
normal to the direction
vector, divided by the
distance squared

Solid Angle subtended by hemisphere= 2

Solid Angle subtended by Full sphere= 4

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Determination of Shape Factor of Cavity
1 F11+ F12=1 F21+ F22=1

But F22 = 0, Hence F21=1

2 A1F12+A2F21=A2

F12= (A2/A1)

Hence F11=1-(A2/A1) = 1- (r2/2 r2) =1/2

F22 = 1-(A1/A2)= 1-(d1/d2)

2
d2
d1

1
L

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