TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE

LAURA NIEDERER - BIOL-234

OUTLINE
What is Type 1 Diabetes? (T1DM)
What are some genetic characteristics of T1DM?
What are some nutrition interventions for people who
are susceptible for T1DM?
What are some nutrition interventions for people who
are diagnosed with T1DM?
TERMS
T1DM- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
SNPs- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
CHO- Carbohydrate
IDDM genes- Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
HLA- Human Leukocyte Antigen
INS- Insulin region
 WHAT IS T1DM?
Autoimmune disease that results in an insulin deficiency
Affects 1.25 million American adults and children
Hyper and hypoglycemia
Secondary health complications
Gluconeogenesis, Ketosis, Glycosuria, Gangrene
WHAT ARE SOME GENETIC
CHARACTERISTICS?

Polygenetic
Multifactorial
Age, gender, ethnicity, seasonality of birth
POLYGENETIC
18 genomic regions IDDM3-18
Various SNPs within 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18
IDDM1-IDDM18 All but 8, 13 and Y
IDDM1 40-50%
HLA Region
IDDM2 10%
INS Region
 MULTIFACTORIAL
Genetic Predisposition and Environmental Triggers
Viral infections, seasonality of birth
Studies have shown that monozygous, or identical
twins, are more likely to develop T1DM than dizygous
or fraternal twins.
The rate of monozygous twins both developing T1DM
is less than 50% (Tandon, 2015).
T1DM EPIDEMIOLOGY
Age
10-14
Gender
Common correlation between autoimmune and females not the case
Ethnicity
High- Finland, Sardinia, Scandinavian countries
Low- China and South American countries, Native American
population
Seasonality of Birth
High- April-July
Low- December
PREVENTATIVE NUTRITIONAL
INTERVENTIONS
Breastfeeding
Continual and exclusive breastfeeding has been studied to provide
preventative effects.
Vitamin D
Infants who have been regularly supplemented with 400IU vitamin D have
had a lower rate of T1DM
T1DM is commonly diagnosed in the winter months
Positive correlation between increase in latitude and T1DM
Gluten-free diet
Some studies have shown a 12 month gluten-free diet to eliminate T1DM
antibodies
T1DM EPIDEMIOLOGY
Ethnicity
High- Finland, Sardinia, Scandinavian countries
Low- China and South American countries, Native American population
NUTRITION WHILE LIVING WITH T1DM
Zinc and vitamin A
Protect against cardiovascular diseases
CHO counting
To ensure even blood sugar levels
Adequate vitamins and minerals
CONCLUSION
Multifactorial
Polygenetic- 18 regions with countless SNPs within each
Vitamin D and sun exposure plays a large role
CHO counting is essential
SOURCES
Slide 4
(American Diabetes Association), (Precechtelova, Borsanyiovia, Sarmirova &
Bopegamage, 2014)
Slide 6
(Maahs, West, Lawrence & Mayer-Davis, 2010), (Dean & McEntyre, 2004), (Rich et al.,
2009)
Slide 7
(Rich et. al, 2009)
Slide 8
(Tandon, 2015)
Slide 9
(Maahs et al., 2010), (Tandon, 2015)
Slide 10
(Norris et al., 2003), (Litchfield et at., 2015), (EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group,
1999), (Patelarou et al., 2012)
Slide 11
(Maahs et al., 2010), (Tandon, 2015)
Slide 12
(Shidfar, 2010), (Patton, 2011)