FUNDAMENTALS
FRICTION
1. Separate
Resistance to
Moving Surfaces
motion encountered
2. Dissipate
during sliding
Frictional Heat
Types of friction : 3. Control
WEAR 1. Static Corrosive Wear
Loss or destruction 2. Kinetic
of surface material 3. Rolling
Types of wear:
1. Abrasive
2. Adhesive
3. Corrosive
4. Pitting
5. Cavitation
LUBRICANT
Based on :
Any procedure that has
1. Lubrication
the effect of reducing
regimes
friction & wear
2. Lubricant Selection of Control of friction &
viscosity Lubricant wear by introduction of
Viscosity depend a film between moving
on load, speed & surfaces in contact
temperature
LUBRICATION
REGIMES
Elasto-
Hydrodynamic Boundary
hydrodynamic
LUBRICANT
CLASSIFICATION
ISO VISCOSITY
GRADE
SAE VISCOSITY GRADE ISO is stand for
International Standards
SAE is stand for Society of Organization
Automotive Engineers
1. SAE (J300)
2. SAE (DEC 99)
LUBRICANT
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON
VISCOSITY
ACEA Engine Oil API Engine Oil Service Classifications
Classifications 1. API S: For Gasoline Fuelled Engines
1. ACEA A: Passenger Car 2. API C: For Diesel Fuelled Engines
(Gasoline) API Energy Conserving (EC) Claims
2. ACEA B: Light Duty Diesel - API EC: Up to 1.5% improvement in
Engines fuel economy
3. ACEA E: Heavy Duty Diesel - API EC-11: Up to 2.7% improvement
Engines in fuel economy
BASE OIL
SOAP THICKENERS
PROPERTIES OF GOOD Grease consistency &
GREASE THICKENER degree of 1. SIMPLE SOAP (Fatty
MATERIALS softness/firmness acid + metal hydroxide)
depends on the - Good mechanical
3D network of amount of thickener. stability & multipurpose
fibers/particles filled uses
with oil, no air 2. COMPLEX SOAP
Uniformly dispersed (Mixture of fatty acid +
Large surface area metal hydroxide)
Slightly oil soluble - Good multipurpose &
high temperature
properties
THICKENER
3. MIXED SOAP (Metal
hydroxide & Acid details)
NON-SOAP THICKENER
1. POLYUREA (Reaction of amine + THICKENER CONSIDERATIONS
isocyanate compounds)
- Excellent high temperature grease Dropping Point
life Shear Stability
- Excellent mechanical stability Water Resistance
(ExxonMobil Polyurea) Pump ability
2. CLAY (used to thicken oil) Re-lubrication Frequency
- Used in high temperature & OEM Requirements
military greases Compatibility
PERFORMANCE
Consistency
Extreme Pressure Anti Wear
Compatibility
Mechanical stability
Corrosion protection
High temperature
Water resistance
ADDITIVES
TYPES
OIL SOLUBLE (Most all additives)
SOLIDS (Molybdenum disulfide,
graphite)
Modifiers modify Surface Protectors - Protect
characteristics of base oil to metallic surface to reduce
render it more suitable for use corrosion, friction, & wear.
in engines. Types of surface protector:
Types of modifier : i) Anti wear & Extreme
i) Viscosity Index Improvers Pressure Additives
(VII) ii) Corrosion Inhibitors
ii) Pour Point Depressants iii) Detergents
(PPD) iv) Dispersants
iii) Seal-swell Controllers v) Friction Modifiers
Types of
Additive
SEAL-SWELL CONTROLLERS
- Addictive impregnates the seal to swell
rubber structure in order to prevent
leakage of oil for gaskets and seals.
-Causes very slight swelling of seals
METAL DE-ACTIVATORS
ANTIOXIDANTS
- Reduce oxidation
- Prevent oxidation of oil by catalysis by metallic
reacting with aggressive free surfaces .
radicals & peroxides formed - Form an inert protective
in the oil to render them film on metal surfaces to
inactive. prevent catalytic action.
- Effective at high - Effective at high
temperature temperature
Types of Oil
Protector
ANTI-FOAM AGENTS
- Suppress the formation of foam by
disrupt the surface tension of air bubbles
& cause the collapse of foam.
- Effective at all temperature
ANTI WEAR & DETERGENTS
EXTREME PRESSURE - Keep surface free of
ADDITIVES deposits by adsorption to
form a non-adhesive
- Prevent metal to metal surface film on metal
contact through chemical surfaces to hold
adsorption of additive contaminants in
onto the metal surface suspension
- Effective at high
Types of Surface
Protector - Effective at high
temperature temperature
CORROSION
FRICTION MODIFIERS
INHIBITORS
- Slipperiness additives
- Prevent internal
DISPERSANTS to reduce friction through
corrosion of the engine by
adsorption to metallic
coating the metal surface - Minimize sludge surfaces
in a protective film formation by coating - Effective at mid range
- Effective at high contaminants in order to road speeds
temperature keep them in suspension
- Effective at low
temperature
Builder requirement
Extended re-lubrication
Sealed for life applications
REASONS TO intervals
LUBRICATE
WITH
GREASE
GREASE OIL
Easy installation Additional cooling
VISCOSITY
Measure of the
resistance of a fluid
to flow
MINI ROTARY
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
VISCOMETER UNIT
Measured by time taken for
The oil is cooled to several a given volume to flow
low temperatures & through a capillary tube at
pumpability is calculated by certain temperature (40
using two different weights.
/100 )
Relates to temperature at
Relates to high temperature
which the oil is too viscous
operability
to pump around the engine.
VISCOSITY
MEASUREMENT
HIGH TEMPERATURE
COLD CRANKING
HIGH SHEAR VISCOSITY
SIMULATOR VISCOSITY
Measured on a Ravenfield
Measured when the oil is set
viscometer
to a low temperature &
The oil is heated to 150
subjected to shear (defines
& subjected to high shear by
W grade for engine oil)
a high speed motor.
Relates to the resistance to
Relates to operating
cranking of an engine in cold
conditions in the engine,
conditions.
particularly the bearings
The The point at
temperature at which crystals of
which the oil POUR & CLOUD wax starts to
ceases to flow POINT form
FLASH
POINT TEST
Measures the
temperature at which METHODS
the oil produces For lubricants: Cleveland
enough vapor to burn Open Cup (COC)
when ignited in the For volatile material:
presence of air. Pensky Martens closed cup
Defines safety limits & (PM)
contamination
Measures the
Measures the
amount of foam
time taken for an
& its stability at
oil to release air
high & low
entrained in it
temperatures
FOAM & AIR ENTRAINTMENT
TEST
COPPER
STRIP
RUST TEST CORROSION
TEST
Copper strip is compared to
Measures the capability of the standard references after
oil to prevent rusting of exposing copper strip to the
ferrous metals. heated oil for a specified time
period
OXIDATION
TEST
THERMAL
STABILITY WEAR TEST
TEST
Measure using panel coker which run Occurs when 2 metal surfaces rub
in the absence of air & gives a visual against each other, causing metal
discoloration due to deposit formation. to metal contact