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LUBRICANT

FUNDAMENTALS
FRICTION
1. Separate
Resistance to
Moving Surfaces
motion encountered
2. Dissipate
during sliding
Frictional Heat
Types of friction : 3. Control
WEAR 1. Static Corrosive Wear
Loss or destruction 2. Kinetic
of surface material 3. Rolling
Types of wear:
1. Abrasive
2. Adhesive
3. Corrosive
4. Pitting
5. Cavitation
LUBRICANT
Based on :
Any procedure that has
1. Lubrication
the effect of reducing
regimes
friction & wear
2. Lubricant Selection of Control of friction &
viscosity Lubricant wear by introduction of
Viscosity depend a film between moving
on load, speed & surfaces in contact
temperature
LUBRICATION
REGIMES

Elasto-
Hydrodynamic Boundary
hydrodynamic

1. Liquid wedge formed


under the inclined plate Thin film /
causes lift Mixed
Characterized by:
2. Lubricant film thickness
Elastic deformation
greater than surface Lubricant film
of surfaces
asperities thickness of
Large increase in
3. Pressure of Lubricant film similar less than
pressure viscosity
hydrodynamic is generated thickness of surface
Typically found in
by: similar order to asperities
anti-friction bearing,
i. The sliding velocity of surface
gears & cams
the layers asperities
ii. The design
iii. Adequate oil supply
iv. Oil viscosity
1. Easy identification of the performance & 1. BY PROPERTY
quality of the oil - Viscosity: SAE, ISO
- Grease Consistency: NLGI
2. Oil quality level can be easily written in
OEM manuals & in the product data sheets
2. BY APPLICATION
3. Oil manufacturers use oil classifications - Engine Performance
as marketable features - Transmission Performance

4. Overcome language barriers 3. BY INDUSTRY


5. Better communication between oil - Automotive (Passenger cars &
industry, Equipment Manufacturers Trucks)
(OEMs) & customers - Industrial (Gears, Hydraulic, Etc. )

LUBRICANT
CLASSIFICATION
ISO VISCOSITY
GRADE
SAE VISCOSITY GRADE ISO is stand for
International Standards
SAE is stand for Society of Organization
Automotive Engineers

1. SAE (J300)
2. SAE (DEC 99)

LUBRICANT
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON
VISCOSITY
ACEA Engine Oil API Engine Oil Service Classifications
Classifications 1. API S: For Gasoline Fuelled Engines
1. ACEA A: Passenger Car 2. API C: For Diesel Fuelled Engines
(Gasoline) API Energy Conserving (EC) Claims
2. ACEA B: Light Duty Diesel - API EC: Up to 1.5% improvement in
Engines fuel economy
3. ACEA E: Heavy Duty Diesel - API EC-11: Up to 2.7% improvement
Engines in fuel economy

ILSAC API Classification


for Passenger
-Jointly formed by JAMA & Vehicle Engine
AAMA
Oils (PVEO)
1. ILSAC GF-1
- Maximum 0.12% Phosphorus
on all grades
LUBRICANT
2. ILSAC GF-2
- Maximum 0.10% Phosphorus CLASSIFICATION
on all grades BASED ON ENGINE
- Improved low temperature OIL
pumpability
LUBRICANT
CLASSIFICTION
BASED ON GEAR
OIL
American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA)
- Establishes standards of
oxidation, high load carrying &
improved demulsability of gear
oils.
- Specifies types of gear oil by
performance tests & composition
- 4 main classifications of gear
lubricants:
1. Rust & Oxidation Inhibited
(R&O)
2. Extreme Pressure (EP)
3. Compounded
4. Synthetic
Lubricates with Provides body
mineral, Enhances lubricant
& structure performance with oil
synthetic/natur with soap/non-
al oils, may soluble components
soap & solid components
include their components
combinations to control; extreme
pressure, wear.

Grease consistency (soft firm)


depends on the amount of thickener
in the grease.
Grease= Base Oil + Thickener + Additives Semi-fluid greases can have as little
as 2% thickener while most firm
greases contain about 20% thickener.
Additive content depends on the
performance profile of the grease.

A solid to semisolid product of


a dispersion of a thickening
agent in a liquid lubricant
May be included other
ingredients that imparting GREASE
special properties
1. HYDRO PROCESSING Makes up 80-95% of a typical grease
- Produces higher quality base Mineral oils most widely used base oil in grease which
stocks. provide the needed lubrications.
2. DE-WAXING Improved low temperature flow & ease of
- Boosts the performance of manufacturer when paraffinic and naphthenic base
finished lubes oils blend together.
3. GAS-TO-LIQUIDS Synthetic base oils used when applications are more
TECHNOLOGY demanding due to their wide temperature range for
- Produce higher quality base both and cold applications
stocks and high performance Vegetable oils are used in biodegradable lubricants.
lubricants by using natural gas
4. COMPOSITIONAL
MODELING
- Maps crude oil at the ADVANTAGES OF
molecular level in order to BASE OIL POLYALPHAOLEFIN
provides greater lube refining (PAO) BASE OILS
flexibility.
Wider temperature
range by 10 to 20
IMPORTANCE OF BASE OIL VISCOSITY Less viscosity loss when
hot
Preventing bearing wear Greater Elasto
Selecting best grease based on applications Hydrodynamic
speed Lubrication (EHL) film
Low viscosity best for: high speed, low load, thickness
low temperature Reduced evaporation at
High viscosity best for: low speed, high load, high temperature
high temperature
1. Low pour point
2. Good flow at low
temperature
3. Low volatility
4. Low flammability
1. Hydrocracked 5. Strict quality in transport
2. Wax Isomerates 6. High viscosity index
3. Poly-alpha-olefins 7. Low PCAs
(PAO) 8. Clear and bright (free from
was particles, water)

BASE OIL
SOAP THICKENERS
PROPERTIES OF GOOD Grease consistency &
GREASE THICKENER degree of 1. SIMPLE SOAP (Fatty
MATERIALS softness/firmness acid + metal hydroxide)
depends on the - Good mechanical
3D network of amount of thickener. stability & multipurpose
fibers/particles filled uses
with oil, no air 2. COMPLEX SOAP
Uniformly dispersed (Mixture of fatty acid +
Large surface area metal hydroxide)
Slightly oil soluble - Good multipurpose &
high temperature
properties
THICKENER
3. MIXED SOAP (Metal
hydroxide & Acid details)

NON-SOAP THICKENER
1. POLYUREA (Reaction of amine + THICKENER CONSIDERATIONS
isocyanate compounds)
- Excellent high temperature grease Dropping Point
life Shear Stability
- Excellent mechanical stability Water Resistance
(ExxonMobil Polyurea) Pump ability
2. CLAY (used to thicken oil) Re-lubrication Frequency
- Used in high temperature & OEM Requirements
military greases Compatibility
PERFORMANCE
Consistency
Extreme Pressure Anti Wear
Compatibility
Mechanical stability
Corrosion protection
High temperature
Water resistance
ADDITIVES

TYPES
OIL SOLUBLE (Most all additives)
SOLIDS (Molybdenum disulfide,
graphite)
Modifiers modify Surface Protectors - Protect
characteristics of base oil to metallic surface to reduce
render it more suitable for use corrosion, friction, & wear.
in engines. Types of surface protector:
Types of modifier : i) Anti wear & Extreme
i) Viscosity Index Improvers Pressure Additives
(VII) ii) Corrosion Inhibitors
ii) Pour Point Depressants iii) Detergents
(PPD) iv) Dispersants
iii) Seal-swell Controllers v) Friction Modifiers
Types of
Additive

Oil Protectors Protect the


oil to prolong its working
life.
Types of oil protector:
i) Antioxidants
ii) Metal de-activators
iii) Anti-foam agents
VI IMPROVERS POUR POINT
DEPRESSANTS (PPD)
- Allow multi-grade oils to be
produced by improving flow - Improve flow at low
properties through physical temperature by interfere
change in size/shape which with wax crystal formation
has a thickening effect by in the oil
occupying a greater volume. - Effective at low
- Effective at high temperature
temperature
Types of
Modifier

SEAL-SWELL CONTROLLERS
- Addictive impregnates the seal to swell
rubber structure in order to prevent
leakage of oil for gaskets and seals.
-Causes very slight swelling of seals
METAL DE-ACTIVATORS
ANTIOXIDANTS
- Reduce oxidation
- Prevent oxidation of oil by catalysis by metallic
reacting with aggressive free surfaces .
radicals & peroxides formed - Form an inert protective
in the oil to render them film on metal surfaces to
inactive. prevent catalytic action.
- Effective at high - Effective at high
temperature temperature
Types of Oil
Protector

ANTI-FOAM AGENTS
- Suppress the formation of foam by
disrupt the surface tension of air bubbles
& cause the collapse of foam.
- Effective at all temperature
ANTI WEAR & DETERGENTS
EXTREME PRESSURE - Keep surface free of
ADDITIVES deposits by adsorption to
form a non-adhesive
- Prevent metal to metal surface film on metal
contact through chemical surfaces to hold
adsorption of additive contaminants in
onto the metal surface suspension
- Effective at high
Types of Surface
Protector - Effective at high
temperature temperature

CORROSION
FRICTION MODIFIERS
INHIBITORS
- Slipperiness additives
- Prevent internal
DISPERSANTS to reduce friction through
corrosion of the engine by
adsorption to metallic
coating the metal surface - Minimize sludge surfaces
in a protective film formation by coating - Effective at mid range
- Effective at high contaminants in order to road speeds
temperature keep them in suspension
- Effective at low
temperature
Builder requirement

Badly worn equipment/ Vertical shaft (minimize


seals leakage)

Extended re-lubrication
Sealed for life applications
REASONS TO intervals
LUBRICATE
WITH
GREASE

GREASE OIL
Easy installation Additional cooling

Seals against dirt & moisture Easy removal

Remains in place & low leakage Filtering & quality

Lubricates 80% of all bearings Higher system cost


Grease outperform oils when: Oil outperform grease when:

Extended re-lubrication intervals exist Heat removal is necessary

Leakage exist Dirt removal is necessary

Effective environmental seal Seal lubrication is necessary

Extreme conditions High speeds exceed grease apparent


viscosity limitations
BASIC LABORATORY
TEST DESCRIPTIONS
Defines temperature range for
desired applications
Base oils, Additives, Temperature,
Prime quality control check
Pressure, & Shear Rate
Can indicate any deterioration
/ contamination

VISCOSITY

Measure of the
resistance of a fluid
to flow
MINI ROTARY
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
VISCOMETER UNIT
Measured by time taken for
The oil is cooled to several a given volume to flow
low temperatures & through a capillary tube at
pumpability is calculated by certain temperature (40
using two different weights.
/100 )
Relates to temperature at
Relates to high temperature
which the oil is too viscous
operability
to pump around the engine.

VISCOSITY
MEASUREMENT
HIGH TEMPERATURE
COLD CRANKING
HIGH SHEAR VISCOSITY
SIMULATOR VISCOSITY
Measured on a Ravenfield
Measured when the oil is set
viscometer
to a low temperature &
The oil is heated to 150
subjected to shear (defines
& subjected to high shear by
W grade for engine oil)
a high speed motor.
Relates to the resistance to
Relates to operating
cranking of an engine in cold
conditions in the engine,
conditions.
particularly the bearings
The The point at
temperature at which crystals of
which the oil POUR & CLOUD wax starts to
ceases to flow POINT form

Oil contain varying Wax crystalizes out Solidification of oil


amounts of waxy at low & oil cannot flow/
materials temperature be poured

FLASH
POINT TEST
Measures the
temperature at which METHODS
the oil produces For lubricants: Cleveland
enough vapor to burn Open Cup (COC)
when ignited in the For volatile material:
presence of air. Pensky Martens closed cup
Defines safety limits & (PM)
contamination
Measures the
Measures the
amount of foam
time taken for an
& its stability at
oil to release air
high & low
entrained in it
temperatures
FOAM & AIR ENTRAINTMENT
TEST

Measures the Stable


ability of an oil DEMULSABILITY TEST emulsion can
to separate cause oil
from water in a thickening, rust
set time. & degradation
of the oil
Stable
emulsions form
from oils
contaminated
with water
SULFATED
ASH TEST

Content of sulfated ash can be used


to indicate the concentration of
metals contained in the additives &
oil.

Sample is heated The cooled sample The ashes are


until all oil is burnt is treated with weighed after the
& only carbon & sulfuric acid & oxidation of
ash remains heated carbon completed.

COPPER
STRIP
RUST TEST CORROSION
TEST
Copper strip is compared to
Measures the capability of the standard references after
oil to prevent rusting of exposing copper strip to the
ferrous metals. heated oil for a specified time
period
OXIDATION
TEST

Measure the resistance of the oil to


breakdown in the presence of oxygen For oil degradation
Test include:
i. ASTM D943 TOST: measures acid
number increase
ii. ASTM D2893: Measures viscosity
increase

THERMAL
STABILITY WEAR TEST
TEST

Measure using panel coker which run Occurs when 2 metal surfaces rub
in the absence of air & gives a visual against each other, causing metal
discoloration due to deposit formation. to metal contact

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