LESSON INTENTION

Understand and observe how traits are passed on from parents to offspring.
Understand and observe that meiosis is responsible for genetic variation during sexual
reproduction.
WHAT IS DNA?

It contains genetic information, that directs cell function and gives us our characteristics
Found inside every cell and are passed down from parents to offspring.
DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
NUCLEOTIDE

The four types of nitrogen bases are

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

A pairs with T
C pairs with G
Always in that order
THE DOUBLE HELIX

Determined by James Watson and Francis

Crick in 1951,
Rosalind Franklin was a contributor but was
not acknowledged for her work.
IMPORTANCE OF THE DOUBLE
HELIX

Each Strand of DNA runs Parallel to the its partner

strand
The phosphates are the backbone and the bases form
the rungs of the ladder
Once a ladder of DNA is formed it twists
The helical structure protects the bases
It also allows the DNA to be compacted into cells as
Chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomes are made up of the coiled

DNA and are found inside the nucleus of
every Body cell, there are 23 pairs of
chromosomes and 46 chromosomes in total.
Controls the characteristics, activities and
function of the cell.
OTHER ORGANISMS AND THEIR
CHROMOSOMES

Different organisms have specific numbers of chromosomes

FROM DNA TO GENES

The order of the bases in a DNA sequence

forms the gene, which codes for a specific
protein, that will determine the characteristics
that will develop for that organism.
Eg our hair or eye colour
3 bases will code for an amino acid
ATA Tyrosine
The genes are located on a the chromosomes
as bands
THE OVERALL PICTURE
ACTIVITY
CONSTRUCT A
DNA MODEL
GENETICS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_PQ8qYtUL0&list=PLxgUQX5PypX4mzG-
wlxf0eUPBuIR7GBOk

We Inherit our traits or characteristics such as height, eye or hair colour from our
parents.
HOW DOES THIS
HAPPEN?

Each parent will transfer 23

chromosomes to the offspring
GENETICS ANDMENDELIAN LAW

Our understanding of Genetics has been thanks to a Monk named Gregory Mendel
His work on genetics was conducted by studying Peas, because their traits were easier to
observe.
It was the perfect model organism to study, he could follow the traits from one
generation to the next
Some of the characteristics he looked at were;
Seed shape , seed colour, flower colour, height of the plant and the colour of the flower.
MENDEL'S MONOHYBRID CROSS

Mendelian Laws

Rule of Dominance
Trait observed in the offspring is the Dominant trait
The trait that disappears is the recessive trait
Law of Segregation
Two genes for a trait separate when gametes are formed

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes of different traits are inherited independent of each other
 PUNNET SQUARES

Punnet squares are used to predict

the probability of an offspring
inheriting traits from their parents.