CORRELATION

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 DEFINITION
To measure of the relationship/ association/
correlation between two variables.
Ex:
Smoking is strongly related to the Incidence of
cancer
Students achievement is correlated with their
attitudes
The price of chicken varies with the season
Higher salaries will enable the workforce to be more
productive
State relationship

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 Correlation coefficient
Symbol, r
It ranges from -1 to +1
positive

Correlation
coefficient
R=0

No correlation negative
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 Correlational measures
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (PPM)
Spearmans Rho Correlation Coefficient
Point Bi-Serial Correlation

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 Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient
Measure linear relationship between two
interval or ratio level variables .
Let say you have two variables which are
X(independent) and Y(dependent).
ex= protest / posttest
X Y
independent
dependent

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 correlation coefficient
We can interpret the association based on the
graphs by observing how closely the data
resemble a line.
Besides that, you may interpret based on the
correlation coefficient, r from SPSS table

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 Correlation coefficient

Positive denote positive

linear
values correlation

Negative Denote
negative
values correlation

No
0 correlation

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 CONT..
Range: -1 to +1
-1: perfect negative correlation
+1: perfect positive correlation
The closer the value is to 1 or 1, the stronger
the linear correlation.
near to 1/-1 stronger relantionship

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Correlation Coefficient Rule of Thumb
Size of Coefficient General Interpretation
0.0 to 0.19 Very Weak or No relationship
0.2 to 0.39 Weak relationship
0.4 to 0.59 Moderate relationship
0.6 to 0.79 Strong relationship
0.8 to 1.0 Very Strong Relationship

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Scatter-plots Perfect
relationship

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Intermediate Positive values

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Intermediate negative values

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 Example
Variable A (income of family) (1000s of RM)
Variable B (no. of Cars owned)

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 Example
Variable A (income of family) (1000s of Bkt
Benut Residence in RM)
Variable B (no. of children)

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 example
Variable A (income of family)
Variable B (last number of postal code)

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 Coefficient determination
The squared correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) also
known as coefficient determination
r: evaluate the strength of a relationship
between two variables.
r 2 : how important one variable to the other
variable in terms of the variance explained.
r= correlation coefficient
r= coefficient determination

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 Research objectives
To determine the relationship between
personality and color preference.
To determine the association between
proportions of defectives and machine used.

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 Test of significance for
relationship/association
Test =
Hypotheses correlation, chi
square and
regression

There is no significant
relationship/association between X and Y

There is significant relationship/association

between X and Y.

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Example (Correlation/ association/
relationship)
 Cont Based on your
confidence
Depend on the p-value interval

Let say u choose Confidence

Interval 95%. value 0.05
Hence your alpha value or value 0.05
p-value < Reject null ( there are
significant relationship
between X and Y) hypothesis
value 0.05

p-value > Fail to reject null hypothesis (

value 0.05
there is no significant r/ship
between x n y).
 example
Scores in speaking skills (X) and writing skills (Y)
X Y
20 10
30 30
40 20
60 40
60 60
70 70
80 60
80 70
70 60
90 80

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 Value of r

p-value

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interpretation

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 Value of r

p-value

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 2
r or r indicates a relationship between
variables and has nothing to do with
causality.

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Spearmans rho correlation coefficient
To measure the correlation between two
variables whose values have been ranked
(ordinal).
For each case that is observed, the rank of the
case for each of the variables X and Y is
determined by ordering the values from low
to high, or from high to low.

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 example
Five students score were obtained in a
examination based on two different tests.

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 example
Scores in speaking skills (X) and writing skills (Y)

X Y
20 10
30 30
40 20
60 40
60 60
70 70
80 60
80 70
70 60
90 80

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 Value of r

p-value

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Example of interpretation

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 Point bi-serial correlation
rpbi: derived from any of the formula r with
the assumption that one of the variables (Y) is
a discrete dichotomy ( 2 respond ex: yes no,
gender : male and female) and X is
continuous and measured on an interval or
ratio scale.
We can use Pearson Correlation

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 example
Dichotomy (2
possible response)

numeric

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 Example

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INTERPRETATION

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 Summary of correlations coefficient
between variables with different levels
of measurement

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