Determination of Stress and Strain

Machine Design-I
Materials

Two key factors

Materials Strength
selection Rigidity
For high
Material Selection temperature
An integral part of application,
design for material selection
fabrication should be carried
out carefully.
Recyclability Energy
Requirements

Choice of
Selecting
materials

Environmental Cost
Pollution
Online Resources
www.matweb.com

Steel, aluminum, titanium, and zinc alloys, superalloys,

ceramics, thermoplastics, and thermoset polymers
www.machinedesign.com

General information on plastics, composites, elastomers, nonferrous

metals, ferrous metals, and ceramics
Static tensile test
The basic engineering test of material strength and rigidity is the standard
tensile test, from which stressstrain curves
The stresses and strains plotted are the nominal or so-called engineering
stresses,

S= Strength of a material
Assignment No 1
Implication of stress strain curve
Static tensile test- True stress strain Relationship
Materials
Materials
 Cast Iron
Four Element Alloy
Iron, Carbon (between 2 to 4 percent), Silicon and
manganese
Additional alloying element may be there.
Its Physical properties are strongly influenced by the
solidification rate of the casting.
Also depend on the size of casting, and details of
foundry practice.
Cast iron is usually specified by its Mechanical
properties rather than chemical analysis.
 Cast Iron
The distinctive properties of cast iron result
from its carbon content.
Molten cast iron is fluidic due to high
carbon content, that it can be poured into
complex shapes.
Due to the presence of graphite, it has
excellent machinability.
Appendex C-3 for Mechanical properties of
Several Cast iron
 Gray Iron
Its appearance is due to the presence of the
precipitated carbon in the form of graphite flakes.
Good wear resistant.
Special foundry techniques, heat treatment, or
additional alloying can increase the hardness.
Applications include
Gasoline and iesel engine blocks, Machine Bases and
Frames, Gears, Flywheels, and Brake disks and drums.
Ductile (Nodular) Iron
Also known as Ductile Cast Iron
Alloyed with Magnesium, which causes the excess carbon to
precipitate in the form of small spheres or nodules.
These nodules disrupt the structure less than do the graphite
flakes of gray iron, therefore giving considerable ductility.
Ductile iron is specified by three numbers, as 60-40-18, Which
denote tensile strength (60 ksi), Yield Strength (40 Ksi) and
Elongation( 18 %)
Application are: Engine Crankshafts, Heavy Duty gears,
Hardware items, etc.
White Iron
Type of Iron Carbon Silicon Manganese Sulfur Phosphorus
Gray 2.5 - 4.0 1.0 - 3.0 0.2 - 1.0 0.02 - 0.25 0.02 - 1.0
Ductile 3.0 - 4.0 1.8 - 2.8 0.1 - 1.0 0.01 - 0.03 0.01 - 0.1
Compacted 2.5 - 4.0 1.0 - 3.0 0.2 - 1.0 0.01 - 0.03 0.01 - 0.1
Graphite
Malleable 2.0 - 2.9 0.9 - 1.9 0.15 - 1.2 0.02 - 0.2 0.02 - 0.2
(Cast White)
White 1.8 - 3.6 0.5 - 1.9 0.25 - 0.8 0.06 - 0.2 0.06 - 0.2

Source: http://www.reliance-foundry.com/castings/cast-iron#gref
Steel
Steel is a low-carbon alloy thats typically made of iron, tin, and
carbon.
Most extensively used material for Machine components.
All steels have essentially the same moduli of elasticity.
Maximum hardness that can be developed in steel , can be
determined from carbon content alone.
Plain Carbon Steels
Plain carbon steels contain only carbon as significant alloying
element.
Low Carbon Steels have less than 0.3 percent carbon.
Medium Carbon steels have 0.3- 0.5 percent
High Carbon steels above 0.5 percent.
Appendix C-4b Typical uses of steels having various levels of carbon
content.
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
Iron Based Superalloys
Nonferrous Alloys
Aluminum Alloys
Copper Alloys
Magnesium Alloys
Nickel Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Zinc Alloys
Nonferrous Alloys
Alumimun Alloys
Plastics and Composites
www.plastics.dupoint.com
www.sabic-ip.com
Plastics
A large and Varied group of
synthetic organic materials
The basic chemical unit of plastic
materials are monomers.
 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE)
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)

Further Readings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic

 Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two separate classes of
polymers, which are differentiated based on their behavior in the
presence of heat.