Estructuras Sedimentarias 2010 - I

ESTRATIGRAFA
ESTRUCTURAS SEDIMENTARIAS
Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

ESTRUCTURAS SEDIMENTARIAS
Disposicin geomtrica de los elementos que
constituyen un sedimento.
Pueden observarse diferencias texturales o de
composicin.
Consecuencia de los agentes geolgicos y de los
procesos fsicos, aunque intervienen asimismo los de
tipo qumico y biolgico.
Se originan en un ambiente de sedimentacin y se
conservan, por lo tanto, en los sedimentos.

Cuando son originadas al mismo tiempo que ocurre la
sedimentacin, se denominan SINGENTICOS, si lo hacen
posteriormente se denominan EPIGENTICOS.
Estos rasgos le imprimen caractersticas particulares a la
roca que nos permiten evaluar su gnesis.
Dependen directamente del medio, del modo de transporte y
de la energa.
Esta ltima es el resultado de la velocidad del flujo, la
turbulencia y profundidad del agua.

Cuando la energa del flujo es bajo, el material es
arrastrado por el fondo y mantenido en suspensin,
sobretodo las partculas muy finas. La estructura resultante
y el flujo estn desfasados o lo que es lo mismo, las
ondulaciones del flujo no son paralelas a las ondulaciones
del lecho.
Cuando el rgimen es alto en cambio, el material es

tambin transportado como carga del lecho o suspendido,
solo que aqu, la suspensin puede involucrar tamaos ms
grandes de partculas. La estructura como el flujo estn en
fase, es decir, las ondulaciones del flujo son paralelas a las
del lecho.

Lower Flow Regime Bedforms
Flow-regime bedforms are those that

are produced by a moving, non-
viscous fluid, such as water or wind.
Bedform size tends to increase with
increasing flow rate. Flow regime is
also influenced by grain size.
Ripple Classification (size)
Ripples are 0.5 to 3.0 cm in height with
wavelengths of 5 to 40 cm. They are
typically found under low to moderate flow
velocities in sand that is less than 0.7 mm
in diameter.
Dunes are over 3.0 cm in height with
wavelengths of at least 40 cm. They
typically form under moderate to high flow
velocities in relatively deep water and
sand that is more than 0.2 mm in
diameter. Dune height and spacing is
Another classification uses the related to water depth.
terms microforms (e.g. ripples),
mesoforms (e.g. dunes), and Both ripples and dunes tend to be straight-
macroforms (e.g. bars). crested under lower flow velocities and
sinuous under higher velocities.
Terminology is not completely fixed, but ripples give way to

dunes with increasing flow velocity. Some schemes have an
transitional form, referred to as sand waves.
Ripple Classification (morphology)
Morphological ripple classification is based on plan geometry

and increases in complexity with shallower depths and higher
flow velocities.
Ripple Classification (process)
Current-generated Ripples Wave-generated Ripples
Ripple classification is based on plan morphology as related to interpreted process of formation.

CLASIFICACIN DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS
SEDIMENTARIAS
Clasificacin Gentica
1. Originadas por corrientes de agua o viento
a) Por depositacin: ndulas, estratificacin gradada

b) Por erosin: Estructura de corte y relleno, turboglifos
2. Originadas por deformacin
a) Por desecacin: Barquillos, grietas

b) Por inyeccin: diques clsticos
c) Por impacto: calcos de gotas de lluvia
d) Por carga de sedimentos: pseudondulos
3. Originadas por procesos qumicos (vinculado a la
diagnesis)
a) Por cementacin diferencial: concreciones
b) Por disolucin: estilolitas
c) Por reemplazo: algunos ndulos
d) Por difusin: Bandeamiento
4. Originadas por procesos biognicos
a) Trazas de organismos: bioturbaciones

b) Moldes de pisadas de vertebrados o Icnitas
c) Por actividad vegetal: estromatolitos, impresiones de
races
Clasificacin de acuerdo a la poca de formacin
1. Primarias o singenticas: Contemporneas a la

sedimentacin como por ejemplo las ndulas,
estratificacin entrecruzada, etc.
2. Secundarias o epigenticas: Posteriores a la

sedimentacin, por ejemplo concreciones

Clasificacin de acuerdo a la posicin
1. Estructuras sobre el plano de estratificacin

ondulitas, calcos de lluvia.
2. Estructuras dentro del plano de estratificacin,

estratificacin entrecruzada, gradacin.
3. Estructuras en la base,
como los calcos de surco, de carga, turboglifos.

Clasificacin como indicadora de paleocorrientes
1. Direccionales: ondulitas simtricas (bidireccional) y

asimtricas (unidireccional),
calcos de surco, etc.
2. No direccional: grietas de desecacin, gotas de

lluvia.

Niveles de Energa
1. Alto rgimen de flujo
2. Bajo rgimen de flujo

ESTRUCTURAS SEDIMENTARIAS FUNDAMENTALES
a) Pre-depsito.
b) Sin-sedimentarias.
c) Post-depsito.
c1) Gravedad.
c2) Desecacin
c3) Actividad de organismos.

LAS ESTRUCTURAS PRE-DEPSITO
Son estructuras de erosin, que pueden dar
buenas indicaciones para la determinacin de
las direcciones de las paleocorrientes, y de la
paleoecologa.

EJEMPLOS DE ESTRUCTURAS PRE-DEPSITO
Paleocanales.
huellas de animales y vegetables, pistas.
scour-marks (huellas de turbulencia), flute
marks (turboglifo),
Tool-marks (marcas o huellas de objetos),
groove marks (surco),
bounce marks, swash-marks, rill-marks,
crescent marks (huellas de obstculos), huellas
de gotas de lluvia, etc.
Flute casts in fluvial
sandstone, Mabou
Group, Lismore NS.
Flutes are scoop
shaped depressions
produced by erosion as
a rapid current flows
over a cohesive muddy
surface. Flute casts
(more accurately flute
molds) are bulbous
structures produced
when the current fills
the flute with sand.

Flute casts on base of turbidite bed. Flutes have a bulbous up-current end, and
fade down-current. Current flowed toward the bottom right, parallel to the pencil.
Grooves: tool marks produced by dragged objects. These are casts (more
accurately molds) of grooves, preserved as ridges on the base of a thick
sandstone bed, Goldenville Fm., Liscomb Island, Eastern Shore, NS
Sandstone with preserved tool marks. Paleo flow was parallel with tool
marks, but exact direction of flow can not be known from tool marks.
(Image courtesy of OCW.)
Las ndulas (ripples), son tal vez una de las
estructuras ms comunes presentes en la
naturaleza.
Se producen por la interaccin de las corrientes de

agua, viento u oleaje sobre la superficie no cohesiva
de los sedimentos de fondo los que se reordenan
con la forma de ondulaciones.
Sin embargo es importante aclarar que se las ha

hallado en sedimentos fangosos que por sus
caractersticas propias son ms cohesivos.

Hoy en da se diferencian entre ondulaciones por olas
(ondulaciones de oscilacin) y ondulaciones de corriente.
Por otro lado : la ola no produce los ripples - es correcto - el

movimiento del medio produce las ondulaciones.
Olas en el agua son netamente movimientos circulares

(oscilacin); pero este movimiento circular tiene una
componente horizontal que ms encima se multiplica en aguas
de pocas profundidades.
Entonces las olas en la cercana de la playa o costa producen

un movimiento y este flujo (la componente horizontal) produce
los ripples o ondulaciones.
We see a small sample showing the top of one turbidite (greenish gray and fine-
grained) and the based of another, which is light tan-yellow in color. In the upper bed,
you can see cross-bedding:
Annotated version, showing the clues and resulting interpretative information
that can be squeezed from a rock like this:
Ondulitas fsiles de un antiguo curso de agua marcadas en arenisca
Estratos lenticulares en la formacin Salto del Fraile en el Morro Solar. Lima, Per.

Bounce Marks
Bounce marks are one of the more unusual sole marks

that develop. These form when a tool bounces across a
muddy substrate and creates a small depression that is
later filled with coarser sediment.
Like flute and groove casts, the event creating the

erosional scour is associated with the deposition of the
overlying or infilling sediment and not with the deposition
of the muddy substrate.
Reineck and Singh (1980) present a more complex

classification scheme for the features that have been
here lumped together as bounce marks.
Bounce marks with large flute cast. The bounce marks are the smaller
features in this image.
Closer view of bounce marks. Note the irregular shapes and orientation of these
features. There are also some small grooves and flutes scattered across the photo.
Bed-parallel trails (Paleophycus?)
from base of sandstone bed in
Cambrian Goldenville Formation,
Liscombe Island, Nova Scotia

Rusophycus: Resting trace of trilobite.
Base of sandstone bed, Cambrian
Goldenville Formation, Tancook
Island, Nova Scotia.
Quadruped footprints, Brule, NS

Trackway of quadruped footprints, Brule, NS

Trackway (Diplichnites?) of arthropod:
probable horseshoe crab, Thorburn
Nova Scotia
Branching Chondrites burrow system,

Silurian Arisaig Group, Moydart Point,
Nova Scotia

Vertical Skolithos burrows,
Goldenville Formation, Nova Scotia
Teichichnus spreite in cross-

section, Tancook Island, Nova
Scotia

U-shaped burrow (Diplocraterion or
similar), Halifax Formation, Blue Rocks,
Nova Scotia

Wedge bedding. Successive stack of erosive-based channels creates wedge-
shaped bedding cross-sections. Shiguai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.
Channelized bedding. Erosive scours that backfill with sand may give rise
to isolated channelized sandbodies such as this. Mesa Verde Group, Utah.
Tabular cross-bedding. These steep foresets are typical of eolian
deposition. Late Jurassic, Liaoning Province, China.

Trough cross-bedding. Trough cross bedding is produced by the downflow
migration of lunate dunes in both subaqueous and subaerial environments.
Triassic, Hebei Province, China.

Trough cross-bedding. Mud-draped gravel foresets cut by a joint that is oriented
parallel to bedding. We are looking down at a cut-away view of an originally
horizontal surface. The arcuate surfaces shown were mud drapes on the
downstream sides of gravel lunate dunes. Hammer handle points downflow. Note
also the wood fragment oriented parallel to flow (just to the left of the hammer
handle), and a second set of mud-draped forsets that is cut off by the bottom edge
of the photograph.
Wave Ripples. Cross-sectional view of ripple cross-laminated sandstone,
showing bi-directional cross laminae indicative of a wave origin.
Entrada Formation, Jurassic, San Rafael Swell, Utah.

Ripple Marks. A pile of eroded, rippled beds that all contain
gorgeous ripple marks. If you click on nothing else.
Carmel Formation, Utah.

Ripple Marks. Casts of wave ripples on the base of a sandstone bed.
Cretaceous, Hebei Province, China.

Herrigbone cross-stratification. Bi-directional cross beds such as
these are indicative of a tidal origin. Curtis Formation, Jurassic, Utah.

Gilbert Delta foresets. These are composite, large-scale foresets that
indicate depostion into still water. The height of the foresets indicates the
still water depth. Mecca Formation, California

Climbing current ripples. Ripple foresets that "climb" on the backs of
their predecessors are indicative of waning flow conditions and rapid
sediment fallout, such that sediment drops out of suspension as fast as it
can be molded into a bedform. Entrada Formation, Jurassic, Utah.

Climbing current ripples and convolute lamination. The result of rapid
sediment fallout is often instability due to liquefaction, leading to disruption
of laminae by water escape. Such disruption is termed convolute lamination.
Modern Colorado River, Utah.

Graded bedding, results from a rapid decrease in flow velocity that
causes sediment to drop out of suspension. Larger particles settle fastest,
therefore they accumulate at the bottom of the bed. Houcheng
Formation, Jurassic, Hebei Province, China.

Graded beds, flame structures. Rapid sediment fallout from suspension often
loads underlying fine-grained sediment to the point of failure, causing foundering of
the overlying sediment and formation of structures termed flames (for obvious
reasons!). Permian, Inyo County, California.
its a small batch of flame structures formed in soft-sediment deformation as a bolus of heavy
sand got dumped atop goopy mud. The sand sagged downward and the mud squirted upward
between the pillows of drooping sand.
http://blogs.agu.org/mountainbeltway
Flame structures point to stratigraphic up; they are a great geopetal structure.
Flame Structure. The flame structures underlying this thick sandstone
bed are evidence for rapid sand depostion; these sandstone beds are in
fact sublacustrine turbidites. Cretaceous, Hebei Province, China.

Imbrication. Disk-shaped gravel clasts that are transported by rolling often
"shingle" themselves to form a fabric termed imbrication. Individual clasts dip
upflow. Current in this photo is from left to right. Owens Valley, California.

Graded and imbricated bed. OK, now I'm just getting redundant, but
here you are anyways. Trail Canyon alluvial fan, Death Valley, California.

HCS? Maybe. Which way is up?

Flute casts. Flutes are caused by erosional eddies at the base of a turbulent flow.
The deepest scour is on the upstream end of the flute, and the scours widen and
become shallower downflow. Shiguai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.
Flute casts in fluvial
sandstone, Mabou Group,
Lismore NS. Flutes are scoop
shaped depressions produced
by erosion as a rapid current
flows over a cohesive muddy
surface.
Flute casts (more accurately

flute molds) are bulbous
structures produced when the
current fills the flute with
sand.

Flute casts on base of turbidite bed. Flutes have a bulbous up-current end, and
fade down-current. Current flowed toward the bottom right, parallel to the pencil.

Grooves: tool marks produced by dragged objects. These are casts (more
accurately molds) of grooves, preserved as ridges on the base of a thick
sandstone bed, Goldenville Fm., Liscomb Island, Eastern Shore, NS

Gutter casts: are formed by entrained particles dragging along the base of a bed and
leaving a track in their wake. These gutters were formed by wood fragments draggeing
along the base of a river bed. Chengde Formation, Jurassic, Hebei province, China.
Dessication cracks. Mudcracks can become very large, which may
make them difficult to recognize in small outcrops. Person for scale.
Jixian Formation, Proterozoic, China.

Dessication cracks. A
modern example. These
are up to 1 m deep, and
form polygonal networks
that are often difficult to
see except from the air!
Panamint Valley, California.

Large sand-filled mudcracks below sandstone bed in Mabou Group at
Knoydart, Nova Scotia. Notice that there is a boundary between oxidized
(red) mud and reduced (green) mud that rises and falls around the
mudcracks, suggesting that the cracks allowed oxygen into the sediment.

Mudcracks in laminated limestone, St. George Group, Newfoundland. These
laminated dolomitic limestones must have been exposed in the supratidal or
upper intertidal zone.

Gypsum casts. Evaporation may lead to the production of evaporite minerals. In
this case the 'swallow-tail' outline of twinned gypsum crystals is clearly
recognizable from these casts in limestone. Carboniferous Windsor Group,
Pomquet, Nova Scotia.

Chickenwire structure. More extensive evaporite deposition, ocurring within
sediments, may produce chickenwire structure, due to the coalescing of
evaporite nodules. Pomquet, Nova Scotia.

Linguloid Ripples. These mud-draped ripples are linguloid in form,
indicating shallow, rapid flow within the ripple stability field.
Permian, Inner Mongolia, China.

Debris flow deposit. This type of non-erosive, unstructured
and unsorted bed is typical of cohesive debris flow deposits.
Coffin Canyon Fan, Death Valley, California.

Debris flow deposit. Oversized clasts "floating" in a mud-rich matrix are
also typical of such flows. Coffin Canyon Fan, Death Valley, California.

Slump Deposit. Chaotic deposits such as these indicate slope failure.
Cretaceous, Hebei province, China.

Linguoid current ripples, Kennetcook River

Straight-crested current ripples, Cambrian sandstone, Moraine Lake, Alberta

Cross-lamination produced by current ripples, Quaternary fluvioglacial
sands, Lothian, Scotland. The cross-lamination here includes both 'normal'
(non-climbing) cross-sets and climbing-ripple cross-lamination.

Lunate (crescent-shaped) dunes in sand and gravel, Kennetcook River.

Straight-crested dunes, also know as sand waves.
Kennetcook River estuary, Nova Scotia

Tough cross-bed, characteristic of deposition in lunate dunes.
Wolfville Formation (Triassic), Nova Scotia

Tabular cross-beds, Goldenville Formation, Guysboro County NS.

Tabular cross-bedding produced by eolian dunes,
Wolfville Formation, Red Head NS

Antidunes beneath fast-flowing stream, Kennetcook River. Flow is from left
to right, but antidunes were visibly migrating slowly from right to left.

Stromatolites, Table Head
Group, W. Newfoundland

Stromatolites with silica replacement (pale), Durness Group, W. Scotland

Thrombolites, Ordovician St. George Group, W. Newfoundland

Patch reef in Ordovician Lourdes Limestone, Port au Port Peninsula,
West Newfoundland

b) ESTRUCTURAS SIN-SEDIMENTARIAS
Tienen origen hidrodinmico.
Relacionadas a :
-Granulometra del sedimento.
-Intensidad y direccin de la corriente.
-Profundidad, etc.

ESTRUCTURAS SIN-SEDIMENTARIAS PRINCIPALES
Laminaciones
Ripples
Estratificacin oblcua, plana
Estratificacin oblcua, cruzada
Estratificacin flaser y lenticular
Estructuras de oleaje
Megaestratificacin
Imbricacin de cantos
Secuencia de Bouma (horizonte granodecreciente)
c) ESTRUCTURAS POST-DEPSITO
Son principalmente estructuras formadas en un

sedimento blando, no consolidado.
Debidas a la gravedad:
Movimientos verticales (reorganizacin)
-Load cast
-Convolute laminacin
Movimientos laterales
-Avalancha, deslizamiento, slumping
(deslizamiento con plegamiento de las capas blandas),
microfallas, perforaciones de socavadores,
bioturbaciones, litfagos
IMPORTANCIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS SEDIMENTARIAS
Permiten evaluar las caractersticas del medio de depositacin.
Ayudan a establecer la posicin del techo y base de los

estratos, en secuencias que han sufrido tectonismo; asimismo
la direccin y sentido de las corrientes que depositaron esos
sedimentos y por consecuencia la paleopendiente.
Permiten interpretar los cambios fsicos y qumicos que

ocurrieron luego de la sedimentacin.

A travs de las estructuras, podemos analizar que condiciones
de flujo existieron, cuando se depositaron los sedimentos que
componen una secuencia; as nos dan datos sobre la energa
del medio.
Si predominan los sedimentos finos, se estima que esta

energa era dbil o lo que es lo mismo, la velocidad del agente
de transporte era baja y probablemente la estratificacin
corresponde a la laminacin paralela.
El aumento gradual de energa permite la formacin de

ondulitas, megandulas hasta dunas respectivamente y cada
una de ellas con desarrollo de crestas rectas a sinuosas
paralelamente.
Cuando migran estas estructuras, generan las estratificaciones
entrecruzadas (EE).
Si las ondulitas megandulas son de crestas rectas,

generarn las EE planares y tangenciales, mientras que las
megandulas y dunas de crestas sinuosas dan las EE en
artesas.
Cuando la energa es alta, el agente se torna ms competente,

hay mucho material de diversos tamaos en suspensin por lo
que se generan estructuras como la antidunas o la
estratificacin horizontal de alta energa.

Las estructuras tambin permiten saber si el agente era fluido,
es decir si llevaba poco material en suspensin, si era
viscoso, es decir si llevaba mucho material.
Por ejemplo, las capas masivas y mal seleccionadas indican

agentes viscosos.

Se puede aproximar si el ambiente de formacin corresponde a
aguas poco profundas, ya que en estos casos se pueden dar
condiciones de alta energa, que producen estructuras
entrecruzadas en artesas o tangenciales, turboglifos,
laminacin climbing, etc; en contraposicin a los ambientes
ms profundos donde comnmente la energa es menor,
desarrollndose EE planares o tangenciales, laminaciones
horizontales o se dan capas masivas.
La existencia de intercalaciones, de capas de mayor

granulometra en este ltimo caso, son interpretadas como
resultado de corrientes de turbidez; producidas por tormentas
por ejemplo.

http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/sedstr.htm
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
www.redes-cepalcala.org/ciencias1/geologia/is...

Disconformidad erosiva

Diamictitas con cantos y bloques (a muro)
intercaladas en las areniscas limosas laminadas

Burrows (madrigueras) y microfallas normales en
las lutitas laminadas

Detalle de los burrows de las lutitas laminadas

Basaltos basales pulidos y estriados por la accin
glaciar. La escala representa 10 cm

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ESTRATIGRAFA

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Cuando el rgimen es alto en cambio, el material es

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Flow-regime bedforms are those that

Terminology is not completely fixed, but ripples give way to

Morphological ripple classification is based on plan geometry

Ripple classification is based on plan morphology as related to interpreted process of formation.

1. Originadas por corrientes de agua o viento

a) Por depositacin: ndulas, estratificacin gradada

2. Originadas por deformacin

a) Por desecacin: Barquillos, grietas

4. Originadas por procesos biognicos

a) Trazas de organismos: bioturbaciones

1. Primarias o singenticas: Contemporneas a la

2. Secundarias o epigenticas: Posteriores a la

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

1. Estructuras sobre el plano de estratificacin

2. Estructuras dentro del plano de estratificacin,

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

1. Direccionales: ondulitas simtricas (bidireccional) y

2. No direccional: grietas de desecacin, gotas de

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

1. Alto rgimen de flujo

2. Bajo rgimen de flujo

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Se producen por la interaccin de las corrientes de

Sin embargo es importante aclarar que se las ha

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Por otro lado : la ola no produce los ripples - es correcto - el

Olas en el agua son netamente movimientos circulares

Entonces las olas en la cercana de la playa o costa producen

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Bounce marks are one of the more unusual sole marks

Like flute and groove casts, the event creating the

Reineck and Singh (1980) present a more complex

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Quadruped footprints, Brule, NS

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Branching Chondrites burrow system,

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Teichichnus spreite in cross-

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com