Proses Produksi

#2 Fundamentals of Materials

Rusnaldy, PhD
Mengapa Belajar
Tentang Material?
Mazda drops weight to deliver driving dynamics

To make the body structure lighter

and stronger, the 2011 Mazda
features extensive use of high-tensile
strength steel, with the highest
strength steel (dark blue) in the
crash-critical areas.
Federal-Mogul plans for the future with new diesel piston design

Federal-Mogul's unique remelting

process for the aluminum-silicon alloy
used in DuraBowl, combined with a rapid
cooling process, significantly changes the
alloy's microstructure by reducing the size
of hardening phases such as silicon
particles and intermetallics. Shown is the
beginning of the process using a tungsten
gas electrode.
Materials
Materials
Photo copyright Colani DAF
 Materials, processes and choice

Insinyur membuat produk

Produk terbuat dari satu material atau lebih
Material harus mampu mensupport beban, menyekat atau menghantarkan
panas.
Untuk membuat produk dari material membutuhkan suatu proses atau lebih
Ada ribuan material yang bisa dipakai untuk membuat produk
Ada banyak proses untuk membuat produk
 Apa yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam memilih material

Properties
Ketersediaan
Mampu dimanufaktur (manufacturability)
 Apa yang membedakan
antara material yang
satu dengan yang lain?

Struktur Sifat

Dengan mengerti struktur logam maka akan bisa

menjelaskan sifat-sifat logam.
 Mechanical properties.

Berkaitan dengan kemampuan material menahan beban mekanik

Beban Mekanik:
Statik : Tarik, Tekan, Creep
Dinamik
Tiba-tiba: Impak

Choosing a material is only half the story. The other half is the
choice of a process route to shape, join and finish it.
 Stress

Simple tension: cable

F

Ao
Simple shear: drive shaft

Fs

Ao
Note: = M/AcR here.
 Stress

Simple compression:

Ao

Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM

Note: compressive
Balanced Rock, Arches structure member
National Park
( < 0 here).
 Properties
Mechanical properties.
 Modulus Elastisitas

Graphite
Metals Composites
Ceramics Polymers
Alloys /fibers
Semicond
1200
1000 Diamond
800
600
Si carbide
400 Tungsten Al oxide Carbon fibers only
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum <111>
Si crystal
CFRE(|| fibers)*
Platinum
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
100 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold Glass-soda AFRE(|| fibers)*
Aluminum Glass fibers only
60
Magnesium, GFRE(|| fibers)*
40 Tin
Concrete

109 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE*
Graphite GFRE( fibers)*
10
8 CFRE( fibers)*
6 AFRE( fibers)*
Polyester
4 PET
PS
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDPE
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4

0.2 LDPE
Yield Strength

y(ceramics)
>>y(metals)
>> y(polymers)

Room T values
Kuat Tarik

TS(ceram)
~TS(met)
~ TS(comp)
>> TS(poly)
Thermal properties
Electrical, magnetic and optical properties.
Chemical properties:
 The menu of engineering materials.

There is sense in this: the members of a family have certain

features in common: similar properties, similar processing
routes and, often, similar applications.
 Material

1. Logam
2. Polymer
3. Keramik
4. Komposit
 Logam Paduan

Ferrous
Non Ferrous
 Logam Ferrous
Baja Besi Cor
N
ame C
ar
bo
nCont
ent E
x
ample
s
L
o
w car
bo
n(mi
l
d ) 0
.
05%-
0.
32% S
h
ee
t,st
r
uct
ura
l
M
edi
umcar
bo
n 0
.
35%-
0.
55% M
a
chi
ner
y
H
i
ghcar
bon 0
.
60%-
1.
50% M
a
chi
neto
ol
s
C
ast
ir
on >
2
.00
% C
a
st
i
ngs
Design Requirements
Apa yang membedakan
antara material yang
satu dengan yang lain?
Strategi
Constraints & Objectives
Contoh
Contoh
 Contoh

The design-limiting properties are those directly relating to the constraints:

modulus E, strength y, fracture toughness K1c and corrosion resistance.
Cost of Materials

$ /kg
$
($ /kg)ref material

Reference material:
--Rolled A36 plain
carbon steel.
Relative cost, $,
fluctuates less
over time than
actual cost.
Contoh

Springs
Springs
Springs
 TUGAS
Terbuat dari Material Apa Komponen-komponen di bawah ini:
1. Cylinder Block
2. Cylinder head
3. Piston
4. Piston Ring
5. Connecting Rod
6. Crankshaft
7. Camshaft
8. Valve