Artificial Intelligence

SKEM4173
Chapter 1: Introduction to AI
Dr. Mohamad Hafis Izran B Ishak
Senior Lecturer
Control and Mechatronics Engineering Department,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
hafis@fke.utm.my
P19a-04-03-09
075557162
 Lecturer Background
Dr Mohamad Hafis Izran Bin Ishak
B. Eng. Mechatronics (UTM) 2002
Master in Electrical Engineering (Mechatronics and
Automatic Control)(UTM) 2005
PhD (Advanced Mechatronics)(Loughborough University, UK)
2011

Tutor (2003 2005)

Lecturer (2005 20013)
Senior Lecturer (2012 Now)

My website: http://hafis.fke.utm.my
 Outline

What is AI?
Intelligent forms of biological systems
Applications of AI
 What Is Artificial Intelligence?

AI is a tool that has been developed to imitate

human intelligence and decision-making
functions, providing basic reasoning and other
human characteristics.
According to the Oxford and Penguin English Dictionaries the
word intelligence can be defined as follows:
ability to understand
reason
perceive
quickness in learning
mental alertness
ability to grasp relationships
clever
information
news
 One way to understand intelligence is by
looking at our own capabilities, which means
that humans are able to:
think
understand
recognize
perceive
generalize
adapt
learn
make decisions
solve daily
problems
 History of AI
1943: early beginnings
McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

1950: Turing
Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence

1956: birth of AI
Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence name adopted

1950s: initial promise

Early AI programs, including
Samuel's checkers program
Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist

1955-65: great enthusiasm

Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
McCarthy: invention of LISP
 History of AI
196673: Reality dawns
Realization that many AI problems are intractable
Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
Neural network research almost disappears

196985: Adding domain knowledge

Development of knowledge-based systems
Success of rule-based expert systems,
E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
But were brittle and did not scale well in practice

1986-- Rise of machine learning

Neural networks return to popularity
Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications

1990-- Role of uncertainty

Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework

1995-- AI as Science
Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc
 EXAMPLES OF IQ TESTS [1]
Which one of the five choices makes the
best comparison? LIVED is to DEVIL as
6323 is to:

a. 2336
b. 6232
c. 3236
d. 3326
e. 6332
 EXAMPLES OF IQ TESTS [2]

Which number should come next?

144 121 100 81 64 ?

a. 17
b. 19
c. 36
d. 49
e. 50
 Several forms of intelligence
of biological systems

Capability to Learn
Babies learn
from
the day they
were born!
 Several forms of intelligence
of biological systems

Capability to Learn
Capability to
Generalize/Classify
Generalization and Classification
 Several forms of intelligence of
biological systems

Capability to Learn
Capability to Generalize/Classify

Capability to Survive
Gathering of Information
Recognizing Patterns
Humans are good at recognizing
patterns
Other forms of intelligence of biological
systems include:
Self-repair
Self-guidance
Reproduction
Making decisions
Reasoning capability
Predicting/forecasting
Understanding noisy or fuzzy
information
Humans have self-repair mechanisms in
their bodies
Humans are
good at
understanding
even difficult
handwritings -
thus human
recognition
capability is
robust
 Video Time

Video 1: Artificial Intelligence

Video 2: What is Artificial Intelligence

Exactly?
 What is the implication of adding
intelligence in machines?
If artificial systems can be made more robust, costly
redesigns can be reduced or eliminated

If higher level of adaptation can be achieved,

existing systems can perform their functions longer
and better

If machines can be made to be self-organized then

less operations are needed by humans
 Is there really an intelligent machine or
device?

Lets look at a so-called intelligent device

thats already available in the market
An Intelligent pH sensor
 What the Intelligent
Microprocessor-based pH
Transmitter can do?

It can tell the user if its glass electrode is

damaged or clogged.
It can determine if a sensor cable is
disconnected.
It can determine if the liquid level is too low.
 Is there really an Intelligent
Machine/System?

From this point of

view it appears that
an intelligent system
(or device) contains a
collection of simple
features that jointly
make the system
easy to use.
 Can machines be developed to have
intelligence?
Perhaps one
way to do this is
to develop
algorithms
based on
human or
animal
intelligence
 Some Examples of
Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Expert Systems
Fuzzy Logic
Our Course Topics
Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithms
Chaos Theory Many AI techniques
have been developed
Rough Sets
based on biological
Artificial Life, etc. systems/behavior.
DNA Computing
Quantum Computing
 Neuroscience
Psychology
Mathematics Philosophy
Control Theory Biological Science
Computer Science Physiology
Physics
Operational Research

Symbolic AI New AI Micro. Bio. Models

Symbolic M. L.
Logic Prog. Fuzzy ANN
Nat. Lang. Proc. Rough Sets GA
Chaos A. Life
Search techniques
.. DNA Computing

..
 Fuzzy logic has been developed
from the human reasoning process

Dragon Fly
6 legs
Knowledge
wings
Base
Body with 3 parts
Insect
Infer

This is a Sensor
dragon fly!
Intelligent Systems Design
Expert systems Expert systems
Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic
Course
Neural Neural
networks networks Objectives
. .

Intelligent Cognition TASKS

Man- Algorithms, Execution
Machine computations
Interface

Intelligent machine
Perception
(Sensors)
Example of Products with AI
It also has a Neuro-
Fuzzy Logic System-
a smart system that
knowsyour
lifestyle and learns
your pattern of
use(like what time
the doors are most
frequently opened
or closed) and
controls the
refrigerator
accordingly either
through quick
cooling, low cool or
defrosting.
This Refrigerator has a Neuro-Fuzzy Control System
(For Door Cooling and Super-Cooling and Freezing)
 Why the need to develop Intelligent
Systems and Why Now?
More challenging problems
More complex systems
More powerful computers/hardware
Better/powerful algorithms
Better software tools
Mans desires
 Plants are becoming more complex,
Thus, new techniques are needed for better and
tighter control.
 ASIMO
Advanced Step in Innovative MObility
Camera Eyes [AI]
Antenna
Battery (Fuel Cell)

Gyro Sensor Measuring

Body Angle

Actuators and Other Peripheral

Systems Controlling leg
movements [AI]

Load Sensors In Leg

Intelligent Real-time
Flexible Walking [AI]
 The Honda Man

Deficiencies:
Consumes large amount of power (large battery pack)
Walking ability rather awkward
Moving ability dependent on too many sensors
Thinking ability (almost none)
 Where AI can/should be applied?

Data is overwhelming/abundance
Too many manual operations/procedures
Optimization is possible
Parallel/Distributed procedures/architectures are needed
Decision making is required
When current techniques are too complicated to be
used/designed
 Where AI can/should be applied?
Mathematical models are too
complex/impossible
To improve performance and reliability
To increase efficiency
To reduce cost
 Where AI should NOT be
applied?
Lack of Data
Simpler techniques are available /
sufficient
Further optimization is not possible
 Some Important Facts
that you need to know.
AI is not the only solution
AI is only one part of technology
AI is just a tool for improvement
You must know your domain/target
application
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
Apply some fundamental knowledge of AI by computing relevant
quantities

Explain the role of search algorithms, knowledge representation,

and machine learning methods.

Design fuzzy logic and ANN algorithms to solve complex engineering

problems

Design and implement AI algorithms by using scientific software

such as MATLAB
What you will NOT get?
Instant Expertise