Environmental impacts of pulp fibres

and printing paper

Case study in Norwegian paper industry
M2 Green Chemistry 2017-2018
Students:
Amal BOUAMMALI
Barbara VU
Ikram YAGOUB

Journal of Cleaner Production 57 (2013) 293-301

 Summary

Introduction
Methodology of the analysis
Results and discussion
Conclusions

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 Paper in numbers
82% of the fibres used in the world come from Europe.
Direct CO2 emissions:
264 million tons per year in 2004.
550 million tons per year by 2030.
In Europe:
81 billion of annual turnover to the economy.
175.000 emplyees.
4.8% of the total European pulp is produced in Norway.
CO2 emissions decreased of 25% since 1990.

Source: CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries) 3

Introduction

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 Aim of the study
LCA of pulp and paper production in Norway
Kraft Pulp VS Thermo-mechanical Pulp
Newsprint (for newspaper) VS Super-calendered paper (for magazines)

Study of greenhouse emission in Norway in 2011

Wood sources / Pulping / Fillers / Chemicals / Energy / Transport

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Input GHG + energy
GHG= Greenhouse Gases
Output
Harvesting

Energy
Energy Recycling Transportations
GHG
Life cycle
of paper Energy +
chemicals
Incineration Utilization Manufacturing
GHG, org.
waste
GHG
Distribution
GHG Energy
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 Methodology of the analysis

System of interest pulp and paper production in Norway

The functional unit 1 ton of the paper products (newsprint and SC

paper) and pulp (TMP and kraft pulp)

Inventory of life cycle assessment :

The input flow water and raw materials
The output flow releases to air, water and land

Approach cradle-to-gate : paper production and transport

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 Life Cycle Analysis
Forests Commercial use
Approach: cradle to gate

Super-
Kraft calendered
paper

Pulp production Transportation

Thermo-
Newsprint
mechanical

Recycled paper
 Pulping processes
Kraft Pulp Thermo-mechanical Pulp

Process Woodchips are cooked with Woodchips are pre-softened

chemicals under high by heat fibrillation
pressure effective
Dark-brown pulp Light-coloured pulp

Energy consumption Self-efficient 1000 KW/ton of pulp

Yield (from wood 45 % 95 %

material)
Fibre length Longer fibres Different sizes fragments

Fibre strength High Low

Production cost $$$ $

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 Pulping production
* In 1 ton pulp production
Kraft pulp:
Kraft pulp Thermo-mechanical Demand less wood and electricity
pulp Utilization of toxic chemicals and water for
Softwood (ton) 1,09 1435 bleaching step and high demand of fossil
Woodchips (tons) 0,945 0,234 fuel.
Increase the emissions of toxic
Chemicals (ton) 0,147 0,0208
substances
Water (m3) 42 23
Electricity (MWh) 0,129 1,89 Thermo-mechanical pulp:
Fossil Fuel (MWh) 0,555 0,018 Demand less wood and electricity
Demand lots of woods, electricity energy
Biofuel (MWh) 0,008 -
for mixing turbin

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 Paper production
* In 1 ton paper production
Newsprint Super-
Normalized results for paper production
calendered
paper Transport total (tkm)

TM pulp (ton) 0,83 0,56 Produits chimiques (tonnes)

Kraft pulp (ton) 0,0045 0,1 Papier recycl (tonnes)

Fillers (ton) 0,0672 0,34 Carburant (MWh)

Water (m3) 58 140 Electricit (MWh)

Eau (m3)
Electricity (MWh) 0,333 0,416
Matires de charge (tonnes)
Fossil Fuel (MWh) 0,0166 0,054
Kraft (tonnes)
Recycled paper 0,4 0
(ton) TMP (tonnes)
Chemicals (ton) 0,0259 30 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Transport (tkm) 2873 4900 Journaux Magazines

Newsprint: Utilization of recycled paper, decreasing the cost of transport, fuel and electricity.
SC Paper: High demand in all categories due to high quality of paper 11
 Impacts to environment
Ab. Impact category Unit NO energy source
100%
CC Climate change kg CO2 eq
90%
0.1
OD Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 80%
eq 2.66 0.99 2.76 0.19
2.88 13317
70% 363 4.12E-05 148 2.46
80.87 0.098
HT Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 60%

Taux
POF Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 50%

40%
PMF Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq 0.29
30%
0.21
IR Ionising radiation kg U235 eq 20% 95
2.71 0.93 2.63
2.33 11345
211 2.59E-05 0.05
1.54
37
TA Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 10%

FEU Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 0%

kg CO2 kg CFC kg 1,4- kg kg kg U- kg SO2 kg P kg of N kg of kg 1,4- kg 1,4- MJ
DB NMVOC PM10 235 1,4-DB DB DB
MEU Marine eutrophication kg N eq CC OD HT POF PMF IR TA FEU MEU TE FE ME CED
Impacts
TE Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq
missions journaux missions magazines
FE Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq
ME Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq
CED Cumulative energy demand MJ
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 Emissions of paper production
NO energy source NORDEL energy source
100% 100%
90% 90%
0.1
80%
2.66 0.99 2.76 0.19 80% 0.38
70% 2.88 13317 3.21 1.38 641 3.45 0.21
363 4.12E-05 148 0.098 2.46 626 5.90E-05 213 3.26 20621
80.87 70% 2.95
60% 0.11
60%

Taux
50%
Taux

40% 50%
0.29
30% 40%
2.71 0.93 2.63 0.21
20% 2.33 11345
211 2.59E-05 95 37 0.05 1.54 30% 0.58
10% 3.32 1.35 642 3.39 0.23 19525
512 4.80E-05 166 2.74 2.07
20%
0% 0.06
10%

kg of 1,4-DB
kg CFC
kg CO2

kg PM10

kg of N
kg 1,4-DB

kg 1,4-DB

kg 1,4-DB

MJ
kg U-235

kg SO2
kg NMVOC

kg P
0%
kg CO2 kg CFC kg 1,4- kg kg kg U- kg SO2 kg P kg of N kg of kg 1,4- kg 1,4- MJ
DB NMVOC PM10 235 1,4-DB DB DB
CC OD HT POF PMF IR TA FEU MEU TE FE ME CED CC OD HT POF PMF IR TA FEU MEU TE FE ME CED
Impacts Impacts
missions journaux missions magazines missions journaux missions magazines

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 Conclusion
The paper production needs electricity, fuel and water in pulping and drying steps.

Addition of fillers can reduce the consumption of energy but increase the
environmental toxicity.

Newsprint is less toxic to environment due to the use of recycled paper and less
chemicals in the production.

Use of local sources of energy is encouraged to reduce the cost of transportation

and greenhouse emissions.

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Thank you for your attention !

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