Work & Heat

In mechanics, the work is done by a force

as it acts upon a body moving in the
direction of the force. This work is called
mechanical work.

In thermodynamics, work is said to be

done by a system if the sole effect on
things external to the system can be
reduced to the raising of a weight.
 Work transfer system
Consider the following example:

pdV work (or) displacement work

 Engine indicator

Engine indicator diagram

 Other types of work
1) Electrical work
2) Shaft work
3) Paddle wheel work (or) stirring work
4) Flow work
5) Work done in stretching a wire
6) Work done in changing the area of a surface film
7) Work due to magnetization of a paramagnetic
solid
Electrical work due to Electrical work
flow of current I during
time d is equal to,
2
W EId
1
Where E is the voltage potential

Shaft work required to apply torque T

through angular displacement d is
Shaft work
equal to, 2
W Td
1
Paddle wheel work (or) Stirring work

Stirring work required by the shaft to transmit torque

T in rotating through an angle d is equal to,
2 2
W mgd Td
1 1
 Flow work
Flow work of the fluid at inlet
W flow in p1v1dm1
Flow work of the fluid at outlet
W flow out p2v2 dm2
Flow work of the fluid per unit mass

W pv
flow
 Total work done by the system

The total work done by the system can be

Wtotal Wdisplacement
Wshaft
Welectrical
Wstirring

 Free expansion

2 2

W 0
1
although pdV 0
1
 Heat
Heat is defined as a form of energy that is
transferred across the boundary of the
system by virtue of temperature difference.
The temperature difference is called
thermal potential and the heat transfer is
called the flux.
The different modes of heat transfer are:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
 Heat
Heat energy can be supplied to a system not only to rise the
temperature but also to change the phase of the system.
When a temperature rise occurs, it may not be due to heat
transfer since may be caused due to work transfer also.
A process in which no heat crosses the boundary of the
system is called adiabatic process. In this process, there
may be work transfer also.
The wall which is impermeable to heat flow is called
adiabatic wall, where as the wall which is permeable to
heat flow is called diathermic wall.
Heat can be expressed as J (or) kJ in SI system.
Rate of heat transfer can be expressed as W (or) kW in SI
system.
 Types of heat
Specific heat of a substance can be defined as the amount
of heat transfer required to raise a unit mass of the
substance through a unit rise in the temperature. It can be
expressed as J/kg-K (or) kJ/kg-K in SI system.
The product of mass and specific heat is termed as total
heat capacity. It can be expressed as J/K (or) kJ/K in SI
system .
Latent heat is the amount of heat transfer required to
change the phase of the substance at constant pressure and
constant temperature. Various forms of latent heat are:
Latent heat of fusion (solidliquid or liquidsolid)
Latent heat of vaporization (liquidvapour or vapourliquid )
Latent heat of sublimation (solidvapour or vapoursolid)
 Work vs Heat
SIMILARITIES:
1. Both are path functions and inexact
differentials.
2. Both are boundary phenomena (recognized
at the boundaries of the system as they
cross them).
3. Both are associated with a process, not a
state. Unlike properties, work or heat has
no meaning at state.
4. Systems possess energy, but not work or
heat.
 Work vs Heat
DISSIMILARITIES:
1. In heat transfer, temperature difference is
required.
2. In a stable system, there cannot be work
transfer; however, there is no restriction for
the transfer of heat.
3. The sole effect on things external to the
system could be reduced to the raising of a
weight, but in the case of heat transfer,
other effects are also considered.
 Work vs Heat
SIGN CONVENTIONS:
WORK HEAT
Work Heat
done +VE supplied +VE
by the work to the heat
system system
Work Heat
done -VE rejected -VE
on the work by the heat
system system
 Quasi-Static processes
Various Quasi-static processes:
1) Constant volume process (isochoric)

2) Constant pressure process (isobaric / isopiestic)

3) Constant temperature process (isothermal)

4) Polytropic process
 Work done in various processes
Work done during constant volume process
(isochoric)

2
W1 2 pdV 0
1
 Work done in various processes
Work done during constant pressure process
(isobaric or isopiestic)

2
W1 2 pdV p1 V2 V1
1
 Work done in various processes
Work done during constant temperature
process (isothermal)

V2 p1
W12 p1V1 ln p1V1 ln
V1 p2
 Work done in various processes
Work done during Polytropic process

n 1

W12
p1V1 p2V2 p1V1 p2
1
n

n 1 n 1 p1