MANAJEMEN OPERASI

Program Magister Manajemen

Universitas Riau Kepulauan
Dosen: Dr. Ir. Chablullah Wibisono, MM

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 Ruang Lingkup
Manajemen Operasi
KB 01
Daftar Pustaka:
Heizer, J., & B. Render (2004) Operation Management.
Anis Eliyana & M. Wiratmoko (2007) Manajemen Operasi-
Universitas Terbuka

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 DISKUSI
1. Meningkatnya inflasi Kepri ini didorong oleh
realisasi inflasi Batam yang sebesar 0,70 persen
(mtm) atau 9,20 persen (yoy). Sebaliknya ibukota
Provinsi Kepri, Tanjungpinang mencatatkan deflasi
0,34 persen (mtm) atau 6,15 persen (yoy). Kenaikan
harga sayuran, cabai rawit, dan ayam ras membuat
inflasi di kelompok volatile food (komponen
bergejolak) tercatat 1,8 persen (mtm). Komponen
inflasi terbesar ini memberi andil 0,36 persen (mtm)
terhadap inflasi umum, coba dianalisa?
2. Sementara dikota-kota masyarakatnya berperilaku konsumtif, survey BPS yll,
uang orang Batam 65% utk membeli brg-brg psikologis, yg 35% utk membeli brg
fisiologis, kenapa?
3. Pasar modern tumbuh menjamur, pasar rakyat-tradisional tertindas, kenapa?
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 Fenomena masyarakt konsumtif
bukan produktif
Kenyataannya tdk kurang 120 produk asing setiap hari yg
digunakan masyarakat: brand deterjen Unilever digunakan
dalam 125 miliar pencucian setiap tahunnya. Itu sama artinya
dengan 14 juta pencucian setiap jam, sabunLifebuoy, sikat
gigi, pasta gigi (odol), obat kumur2, mencuci tangan dg soap,
gantungan baju, lantai keramik, dinding keramik, tempat
sampah, makanan pada anak-anak, nutrisi, es krim, mayones,
minyak goreng, mentega, berger, makanan wara laba,
peralatan sholat, kendaraan, motor, mobil, peralatan rumah
tangga: blender, kulkas, kompor, wastafel, kran air, Tv, Radio,
Tip Recorder, Computer, vacum cleaner, hair dryer,
hanphone, smart phone, BB???
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 Tiga Sistem Ekonomi pokok
Sistem ekonomi merefleksikan derajat
kepemilikan dan intervensi pemerintah.

Kapitalisme (Capitalism)
Komunisme (Communism)
Sosialisme (Socialism)
Ekonomi Islam termasuk dalam
Socialism, tetapi Sosial Religius

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 Kapitalisme

Kepemilikan pemerintah minimal.

Kebanyakan bisnis dimiliki oleh
swasta.
Pemilikmemiliki hak untuk
bersaing dan ber-untung.

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters 2001 South-Western College Publishing

 Komunisme

Pemerintah memutuskan produk apa yang

diproduksi dan berapa jumlahnya.
Pemerintah menyediakan jasa sebagai Pusat
perencana
Tidak memfokuskan pada keuntungan atau
kepuasan pelanggan

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters 2001 South-Western College Publishing

 Sosialisme

Bercorakkan antara kapitalisme dan

komunisme
Industri dasar dimiliki oleh pemerintah.
Pemilik swasta mengoperasikan beberapa
bentuk usaha.
Tarif pajak tinggi dibebankan atas pendapatan.
Pemerintah menawarkan manfaat kepada
penganggur.
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters 2001 South-Western College Publishing
 Ekonomi Islam
a) Konsep Sejarah menurut
Al- Qur an
a) Hak milik pribadi secara terbatas
atas alat- alat produksi.
b) Persaudaraan manusia yang
universal, hubungan kemitraan.
c) Prinsip Koeksistensi abadi
d) Menghalalkan perdagangan dan
mengharamkan riba
e) Kekuasaan adalah milik Allah
SWT. Yang Maha Kuasa.

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 Profile China vs Indonesia
Indikator China Indonesia

Penduduk (juta jiwa) 1.331 230

Luas Wilayah (ribu km2) 9.600 1.905

Kepdatan penduduk 143 127

Pendapatan Nasional (GNI) 9.170 855

(milliar US$)

Pendapatan nasional perkapita 6.890 3.720

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi (%) 9,1 4,5

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 PENDAHULUAN
Secara ekonomi konvensional, masyarakat harus membuat
membuat pilihan- pilihan sehingga mereka dapat mencapai
kesejahteraan yang paling tinggi dari menggunakan faktor-
faktor produksi yang tersedia. Masalah ekonomi pokok
yang dihadapi masyarakat dengan merincikan masalah itu
kepada tiga persoalan yang dihadapi setiap perekonomian:
Produksi-Distribusi-Konsumsi, mana dulu?
Dalam pandangan Ekonomi Islam (produktif) distribusilah
yang harus menggiatkan produksi dan konsumsi, bukan
produksi yang menggiatkan konsumsi, jika itu yang terjadi
maka masyarakat menjadi berperilaku konsumtif.
 Ayat-ayat Quran tentang faktor-faktor
produksi.

Allah yang menurunkan air dari langit, diantaranya untuk minuman dan
tumbuh-tumbuhan, disana kamu menggembalakan ternakmu.
Allah tumbuhkan untukmu dengan air tanam tanaman, zaitun, pohon
korma, anggur dan bermacam macam buah buahan. Sesungguhnya yang
demikian menjadi tanda bagi kaum yang memikirkannya.
(Q.S. An Nahl: 10, 11)
Dennis Saraut: Islam bukannya tdk dilengkapi, agar dapat bertahan
dalam dunia modern (History of Religion)
 Faktor Produksi

Allahlah yang menciptakan semua materi alam semesta

(barang tambang/ galian, tumbuh tumbuhan, binatang, flora,
fauna, hutan, gunung, udara, air, api, angin, cahaya, gas dsb.
Manusia hanya memadukan material agar berguna utk
kepentingan manusia dlm beribadah kpd Allah.
Pemanfaatan sumber daya material hrs efisien krn hrs
diwariskan utk generasi mendatang, tdk boleh dihabiskan saat
ini.
 MUKJIZAT TANAMAN
Sebagai informasi, ada sebuah
penelitian tentang sifat tanaman yang
hasilnya sebagai berikut :
Tanaman di rumah yang dibacakan Al Quran meningkat
pertumbuhannya hingga 44% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan
tanaman standar tanaman standar di rumah keempat dan
hasil panen yang diperoleh dari tanaman itu 140% lebih baik
dibanding tanaman standar di rumah keempat. Sedangkan
pertumbuhan tanaman pada rumah kedua dan ketiga yang
lebih sering mendapatkan siksaan atau melihat siksaan
menurun 35% dibanding tanaman standar, bahkan hasilnya
anjlok sampai 89%.
 Masalah- masalah pokok dari setiap
Perekonomian :
1) Apakah barang dan jasa yang harus
diproduksikan ?
Persoalan ini adalah persoalan yang sangat
penting karena ia merupakan faktor yang
terutama yang akan menentukan corak
penggunaan faktor- faktor produksi.
 .

2) Bagaimanakah caranya memproduksi

barang dan jasa tersebut.
apakah menggunakan lebih banyak tanah
atau menggunakan lebih banyak modal dan
teknologi modern, cara yang manakah
yang lebih sesuai ? Masalah efisiensi
merupakan salah satu faktor yang akan
dijadikan dasar dalam melakukan
pemilihan
 *
3. Untuk siapakah barang dan jasa tersebut
diproduksikan?
bagaimakan pendapat keseluruhan
masyarakat didistribusikan kepada berbagai
golongan dan individu dalam masyarakat
itu? Untuk menjawab persoalan ini, yang
pertama- tama harus dibuat adalah
menentukan cara- cara pendapatan dari
faktor- faktor produksi ditentukan, yaitu
bagaimana caranya upah tenaga kerja, sewa
tanah, bagi hasil modal, dan keuntungan
para pengusaha ditentukan.
 Learning Objectives
When you complete this chapter, you should be
able to :
Identify or Define:
Production and productivity
Operations Management (OM)
Apa yg dilakukan manajer operasi
Jasa

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 What Is Operations Management?

Production adalah proses penciptaan

(memadukan?) barang dan jasa
Operations management adalah serangkaian
aktivitas yg menghasilkan nilai dlm bentuk
barang dan jasa dg mengubah input menjadi
output.
Perdebatan: siapa yg menciptakan, manusia atau Tuhan?
Apakah manusia bisa menciptakan mater alam?

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 Organizing to Produce Goods and
Services

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Pengorganisasian utk Menghasilkan
Barang dan Jasa

Fungsi-fungsi ini adalah:

Marketing menghasilkan permintaan, menerima
pesanan barang dan jasa (tdk ada aktivitas kalau tdk
ada penjualan?)
Operations menghasilkan produk
Finance/accounting mengawasi sehat atau tidaknya
organisasi, membayar tagihan, dan mengumpulkan
uang.
Perdebatan: apakah tugas marketing yg sebenarnya?

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 Fungsi Pengorganisaian
Menawarkan senyuman
apa barang?

Marketing
menghasilkan
permintaan
Operations 6,7 Trilyun
dari Bank
Menghasilkan produk atau Century ?
pelayanan
Finance/Accounting
membayar tagihan
Mengumpulkan uang
1995 Corel Corp.

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 Fungsi - Bank

Bank kommersial
1984-1994
T/Maker Co.

Pemasaran Operasi Keuangan

Akutansi

Teller Check Transactions

Security
Scheduling Clearing Processing

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 Functions - Airline

Airline
1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

Marketing Operations Finance/

Accounting

Flight Ground Facility

Catering
Operations Support Maintenance

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 Functions - Manufacturer

Manufacturing

Marketing Operations Finance/

Accounting

Manufacturing Production Quality

Purchasing
Control Control

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 Why Study OM?

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 Mengapa Mempelajari MO?
OM adalah 1 dari 3 fungsi utama organisasi
(marketing, finance, and operations) dan secara utuh
berhubungan dg semua fungsi bisnis lainnya.
Kita ingin mengetahui bagaimana barang dan jasa
diproduksi.
Untuk memahami apa yg dikerjakan oleh manajer
operasi.
MO merupakan bagian yg paling banyak
mengeluarkan biaya dlm sebuah organisasi

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 Pilihan utk Meningkatkan
Kontribusi
Marketing Finance & OM Option
Option Accounting
Option
Current Sales Finance Production
Revenue : Costs: -50% Costs: -20%
+50%
Penjualan $100,000 $150,000 $100,000 $100,000
Hrg pokok -80,000 -120,000 -80,000 -64,000
penjualan
Laba kotor 20,000 30,000 20,000 36,000
Biaya -6,000 -6,000 -3,000 -6,000
keuangan
Net Margin 14,000 24,000 17,000 30,000
(sub total)
Pajak @ -3,500 -6,000 -4,250 -7,500
25%
Contribution 10,500 18,000 12,750 22,500

Production memberi kontribusi terbesar $.22,500

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 Pilihan utk Meningkatkan Kontribusi (Latihan)
Marketing Finance & OM Option
Option Accountin
g Option
Current Sales Finance Production
Revenue : Costs: - Costs: -20%
+50% 50%
Penjualan $200,000
Hrg pokok -160,000
penjualan
Laba kotor 40,000
Biaya -12,000
keuangan
Net Margin 28,000
(sub total)
Pajak @ 25% -7,000
Contribution 21,000

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 Apa Yg Dilakukan oleh
Manajer Operasi?

Perencanaan, pengorganisasian,
pengaturan karyawan, pengarahan.

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 The Critical Decisions

Quality management
Siapakah yg bertanggung jawab thd kualitas?
Bagaimana kita mendefenisikan kualitas?

Service and product design

Barang atau jasa apakah yg seharusnya
ditawarkan? Jgn memproduk barang dan jasa
yg tdk diperlukan konsumen!
Bagaimana mendesain produk tsb?

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 The Critical Decisions - Continued
Process and capacity design
Proses apakah yg dibutuhkan dan brp kapasitas yg
tersedia?
Peralatan dan teknologi apa yg dgunakan?

Location
Dimana sebaiknya menempatkan fasilitas?
Kriteria apa utk mengambil keputusan?

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The Critical Decisions - Continued
Layout design
Bagaimana kita menyusun fasilitas?
Berapa besar fasilitas yg dibutuhkan?

Human resources and job design

Bagaimana menyediakan linkungan kerja yg layak?
Sejauhmana karyawan dpt diharapkan
produktivitasnya?

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The Critical Decisions - Continued
Supply chain management
Haruskah membuat atau membeli sj komponen ini?
Siapakah pemasoknya, dan siapa yg dpt
menyatukannya dlm program e-commerce?
Inventory, material requirements planning,
Berapa banyak persediaan setiap barang yg hrs
dimiliki?
Kapan dpt dipesan kembali?

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 The Critical Decisions - Continued
Intermediate, short term, and project
scheduling
Pekerjaan apa yg dpt dilakukan setelah ini?
Apakah lbh baik mempertahankan karyawan disaat
bisnis menurun?
Maintenance
Siapakah yg bertanggung jawab thd perawatan?
Kapan dilaksanakan perawatan?

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 Where are the OM Jobs

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 Where Are the OM Jobs?
Technology/methods
Facilities/space utilization
Strategic issues
Response time
People/team development
Customer service
Quality
Cost reduction
Inventory reduction
Productivity improvement
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 The Heritage of Operations Management

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 Significant Events in Operations
Management

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 The Heritage of
Operations Management
Division of labor (Adam Smith 1776 and Charles Babbage 1852)
Standardized parts (Whitney 1800)
Scientific Management (Taylor 1881)
Coordinated assembly line (Ford/Sorenson/Avery 1913)
Gantt charts (Gantt 1916)
Motion study (Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 1922
Quality control (Shewhart 1924; Deming 1950)
Computer (Atanasoff 1938)

CPM/PERT (DuPont 1957)

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 The Heritage of Operations
Management - Continued
Material requirements planning (Orlicky 1960)
Computer aided design (CAD 1970)
Flexible manufacturing system (FMS 1975)
Baldrige Quality Awards (1980)
Computer integrated manufacturing (1990)
Globalization(1992)
Internet (1995)

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 Eli Whitney

Born 1765; died 1825

In 1798, received government
contract to make 10,000
muskets
Showed that machine tools
could make standardized parts
to exact specifications
Musket parts could be used in any
musket
1995 Corel Corp.

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 Frederick W. Taylor

Born 1856; died 1915

Known as father of scientific
management
In 1881, as chief engineer for Midvale
Steel, studied how tasks were done
Began first motion & time studies
Created efficiency principles

1995 Corel Corp.

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 Taylor: Management Should Take
More Responsibility for

Matching employees to right job

Providing the proper training
Providing proper work methods and tools
Establishing legitimate incentives for work
to be accomplished

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 Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
Frank (1868-1924); Lillian
(1878-1972)
Husband-and-wife
engineering team
Further developed work
measurement methods
Applied efficiency methods
to their home & 12 children!
(Book & Movie: Cheaper
by the Dozen, book: Bells
on Their Toes) 1995 Corel Corp.

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 Henry Ford
Born 1863; died 1947
In 1903, created Ford Make them all
Motor Company alike!

In 1913, first used

moving assembly line
to make Model T
Unfinished product
1995 Corel
Corp.

moved by conveyor
past work station
Paid workers very well for 1911 ($5/day!)
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 W. Edwards Deming
Born 1900; died 1993
Engineer & physicist
Credited with teaching Japan
quality control methods in
post-WW2
Used statistics to analyze
process
His methods involve workers
in decisions
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 Contributions From
Human factors
Industrial engineering
Management science
Biological science
Physical sciences
Information science

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 Significant Events in OM

Division of labor (Smith, 1776)

Standardized parts (Whitney, 1800)
Scientific management (Taylor, 1881)
Coordinated assembly line (Ford 1913)
Gantt charts (Gantt, 1916)
Motion study (the Gilbreths, 1922)
Quality control (Shewhart, 1924)

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 Significant Events - Continued

CPM/PERT (Dupont, 1957)

MRP (Orlicky, 1960)
CAD
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
Manufacturing automation protocol (MAP)
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

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 Tren Baru yg Menarik di MO
From To
1. Fokus lokal atau 1. Focus global
2. Pengiriman yg Just-in-
nasional time
2. Jumlah pengiriman 3. Kemitraan rantai
yg besar pasokan
3. Pembelian dg 4. Pengembangan produk
penawaran terendah yg cepat, aliansi,desain
4. Pengembangan 5. Customization masal
produk yg lama 6. Pemberdayaan pekerja,
tim
5. Produk standar
6. Speliasasi pekerjaan

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 Operations in the Service Sector

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 Characteristics of Goods
Tangible product
Consistent product
definition
Production usually
separate from
consumption
Can be inventoried
Low customer
interaction 1995 Corel Corp.

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 Characteristics of Service
Intangible product
Produced & consumed at
same time
Often unique
High customer interaction
Inconsistent product
definition
Often knowledge-based
Frequently dispersed
1995 Corel Corp.

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 Service Economies
Proportion of Employment in the Service Sector

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 Perbedaan Barang dan Jasa
barang jasa
Dapat dijual kembali Tidak dpt dijual
Dapat dijadikan kembali
persediaan
Tidak dapat
disimpan
Beberapa aspek
kualitas dpt diukur Aspek kualitas sulit
Penjualan berbeda diukur
dari produksi Penjualan bagian
dari jasa
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 Perbedaan Barang dan Jasa
barang jasa
Barang dpt Penyedia jasa, bukan
dipindahkan jasanya dpt
dipindahkan
Lokasi fasilitas Lokasi fasilitas
mempengaruhi biaya penting hub dg
Mudah dibuat scr pelanggan
otomatis Sulit dibuat secara
Revenue dihasilkan otomatis
dari barang dan jasa Revenue dihasilkan
dari jasa yg tdk nyata.
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Principles of Operations Management, 5e, and Operations 1-57
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 Barang Menyediakan Jasa / Jasa
Menyediakan Barang
Mobil
Komputer
Karpet yg dipasang
Makanan cepat saji
Resaturan
Bengkel mobil
Perawatan rumah sakit
Agen periklanan
Manajemen investasi
Jasa konsultan
Counseling

100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100
Percent of Product that is a Good Percent of Product that is a Service
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 Organisasi di Masing-Masing Sektor
Table 1.4

Sektor jasa Contoh %

pekerjaan
Jasa professional, New York City PS108, Notre 24.3
pendidikan,hukum, Dame University, San Diego Zoo
kesehatan
Perdagangan Walgreens, Wal-Mart, 20.6
(eceran, grosir) Nordstroms
Layanan umum, Pacific Gas & Electric, American 7.2
transportasi Airlines, Santa Fe R.R, Roadway
Express

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 Organisasi di Masing-Masing Sektor
Table 1.4

Sektor Jasa Contoh %

pekerjaan
Bisnis dan jasa Snelling & Snelling, Waste 7.1
pebaikan Management, Pitney-Bowes
Keuangan, asuransi, Citicorp, American Express, 6.5
real estate Prudential, Aetna, Trammel Crow
Makanan, McDonalds, Hard Rock Caf, 5.2
penginapan, hiburan Motel 6, Hilton Hotels, Walt
Disney Paramount Pictures
Administrasi publik U.S., State of Alabama, Cook 4.5
County
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 Organisasi di Masing-Masing Sektor
Table 1.4

Sektor Contoh %
pekerjaan
Manufaktur General Electric, Ford, U.S. 14.8
Steel, Intel
Konstruksi Bechtel, Mc Dermott 7.0
Pertanian King Ranch 2.4
Pertambangan Homestake Mining 0.4

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Organizations in Each Sector Table 1.4

Summary

Sector % of all Jobs

Service 75.4%
Manufacturing 24.6%

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 Perkembangan Jasa Ekonomi

U.S. Employment, % Share Services as a Percent of GDP U.S. Exports of Services

80 In Billions of Dollars
United States
%70
Canada 250
60 Services
France 200
50

40 Italy 150
Industry
30 Britain
100
20 Japan
Farming 50
10
W Germany
0 0
1970
1850 75 1900 25 50 75 2000 40 50 60 70 1970 75 80 85 90 95 2000
2000
Percent

Year 2000 data is estimated

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 Exciting New Challenges in Operations
Management

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 Changing Challenges for the
Operations Manager
Past Causes Future
Local or Low-cost, reliable worldwide Global Focus
national communication and
focus transportation networks
Batch (large) Cost of capital puts pressure on Just-in-time
shipments reducing investment in shipments
inventory
Low-bid Quality emphasis requires that Supply-chain
purchasing suppliers be engaged in product partners
improvement
Lengthy Shorter life cycles, rapid Rapid product
product international communication, development,
development computer-aided design, and alliances,
international collaboration collaborative
designs
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 Changing Challenges for the
Operations Manager
Past Causes Future
Standardized Affluence and worldwide markets; Mass
products increasingly flexible production customization
processes
Job Changing sociocultural milieu. Empowered
specialization Increasingly a knowledge and employees,
information society. teams, and lean
production
Low cost Environmental issues, ISO 14000, Environmentally
focus increasing disposal costs sensitive
production,
Green
manufacturing,
recycled
materials,
remanufacturing
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 Tantangan Untuk
Meningkatkan Produkvitas
.

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 Sistem Ekonomi Menambah Nilai dg
Mengubah Input menjadi Output

Inputs Process Outputs

Lahan,tenaga,mo Sistem ekonomi AS merubah Barang dan

- dal, manajemen
input mjd output pada jasa
peningkatan produktivitas
2.5% /tahun. Peningkatan
produktivitas-perpaduan:
(capital 38% of 2.5%), labor
(10% of 2.5%), management
(52% of 2.5%)

Umpan arus balik

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 Typical Impact of Quality
Improvement
As productivity improved Costs were pared Wages increased

Parts per man hour Cost per unit decreased Average worker's annual cash
compensation increased
$2.25
115

110 $2.00 27000

105 26000
$1.75
100 25000
95 $1.50 24000
Year A Year B Year C Year A Year B Year C Year A Year B Year C

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 Produktivitas
Measure of process improvement
Represents output relative to input
Output yg dihasilkan
Produktivitas = Input yg digunakan

1.000 unit
= = 4 unit/ jam kerja
250 jam

Only through productivity increases can our standard of

living improve
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 Multi-Faktor Produktivitas

Produktivitas =

Output
(pekerja + material + energy + modal + lain-lain)

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 Soal Latihan:
Perusahaan Collins Title, mempunyai 4 karyawan, bekerja 8 jam/ hr, upah
$.640/hari, biaya overhead $.400/hari. Collin memproses produk 8 unit /
hari. Dg sistem baru dpt meningkatkan produk= 14 unit/hari.
Karyawan,jam kerja, upah tetap, biaya overhead skg= $.800/hari.
Hitunglah peningkatan produktivitas TK dan Multifaktor?
Jawab:
Produktivitas TK (sistim lama)= 8 unit/32 jam= 0,25 unit/jam
Produktivitas TK (sistem baru)= 14 unit/ 32 jam=0,4375 unit/ jam
Produktivitas multifakctor (sistim lama)= 8 unit/ ($640+400 )= 0,0077
unit/ $
Produktivitas multifaktor (sistem baru)= 14 unit/ ($640+800)= 0,0097
unit/ $
Produktivitas TK telah meningkat dari 0,25 mjd 0,4375.
Perubahannya= 0,4375/ 0,25= 1,75, atau sebesar 1,75 100%= 75%
kenaikan produktivitas TK. Produktivitas multifaktor telah
meningkat dari 0,0077 mjd 0,0097. Perubahannya= 0,0097/ 0,0077=
1,259 atau sebesar 25, 9% kenaikan pd produktivitas multifaktor.
 Soal Latihan
1. Perusahaan Collins Title, mempunyai 6 karyawan, bekerja
8 jam/ hr, upah $750 / hari, biaya overhead $500 / hari.
Collin memproses produk 10 unit / hari. Dg sistem baru
dpt meningkatkan produk= 20 unit/hari. Karyawan,jam
kerja, upah tetap, biaya overhead skg = $1000 / hari.
Hitunglah perubahan % produktivitas TK dan
produktivita multifaktor.
 ORGANISASI PROSES MANUFACTURE
Continuous Proces Industries : industri yang memproduksi barang
secara terus menerus ( misal : industri pupuk, gula,semen,tepung terigu
dll)
- Intermittent Proces Industries : industri yang memproduksi barang
secara individu, unit per unit ( misal : kendaraan bermotor,
mobil,elektronik dll)

PRODUKTIVITAS
- Merupakan ukuran yang digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja dari
manajemen operasi atau Merupakan ukuran bagaimana baiknya sumber
daya diatur dan dimanfaatkan untuk mencapai hasil yang diinginkan atau
Rasio keluaran terhadap masukan atau hasil yang diperoleh terhadap
sumber daya yang digunakan

Out put Prod.Periode Tertentu

Produktivitas = ------------, Indeks Produktivitas = ----------------------------------
Input Prod.Periode dasar
 Contoh ilustrasi
Pada tahun 2016 & 2017 PT.Super Enak menghasilkan produk 28.000 kg dan
35.000 kg roti kering. Sumber daya yang digunakan adalah :
Input 2016 2017 Price
- Tepung terigu (kg) 40.000 50.000 Rp.1.000/kg
- Tenaga kerja (jam/orang) 10.000 12.000 Rp.6.000/jam
- Listrik (kva) 8.000 9.000 Rp.5.000/kva

28.000
Produktivitas 2016 = ------------------------------- = 200 kg/juta Rp.
(40)(1) + (10)(6) + (8)(5)
35.000
Produktivitas 2017= ------------------------------- = 209,6 kg/juta Rp.
(50)(1) + (12)(6) + (9)(5)

Kondisi 2016 ke 2017 : Kenaikan produktivitas 4,8%

 Latihan Produktivitas
Pada tahun 2016 & 2017 PT.Super Enak menghasilkan produk 45.000 kg dan
65.000 kg roti kering. Sumber daya yang digunakan adalah :
Input 2016 2017 Price
- Tepung terigu (kg) 55.000 55.000 Rp.1.500/kg
- Tenaga kerja (jam/orang) 22.000 24.000 Rp.7.500/jam
- Listrik (kva) 10.000 20.000 Rp.6.500/kva
hitunglah % produktivitasnya!

Produktivitas 2016 = ------------------------------- = kg/juta Rp.

Produktivitas 2017 = ----------------------------- = kg/juta Rp.

Kondisi 2016 ke 2017 : Kenaikan produktivitas = .....

 Produktivitas
Data Rata-rata Produksi dan Tenaga Kerja PT.Amarta Karya Tahun 2013
s/d 2017 (tentukan IP jika th2013 sebagai tahun dasar).

Rata2 Tenaga Tahun Indeks

Tahun Produksi Kerja Produktivitas Dasar Produktivitas
(unit/hari) (per orang) 2011
a b c d=(b/c) e f=(d/e)x100
2013 640 80 8,0 8 100
2014 701 85 8,2 8 103
2015 714 91 7,8 8 98
2016 730 95 7,7 8 96
2017 760 100 7,6 8 95
Dari tabel diatas tampak bahwa 2013 ke 2014 terjadi kenaikan
produktivitas namun mulai 2015 sampai dengan 2017 terjadi
penurunan.
 Latihan Indeks Produktivitas
Data Rata-rata Produksi dan Tenaga Kerja PT.Amarta Karya Tahun 201 s/d
2017, Hitunglah Indeks Produktivitas jika th2011 sebagai tahun dasar).

Rata2 Tenaga Tahun Indeks

Tahun Produksi Kerja Produktivitas Dasar Produktivitas
(unit/hari) (per orang) 2011
a b c d=(b/c) e f=(d/e)x100
291 765 85
2014 770 90
2015 780 95
2016 800 100
2017 850 110
 Beberapa Masalah:

Kualitas, dapat berubah walaupun

kuantitas input dan output tetap
Unsur-unsur luar, dapat menyebabkan
peningkatan atau penurunan produktivitas
pd sistem walaupun dg cara tdk langsung
Kurang, atau bahkan tdk ada satuan
pengukuran yg akurat

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 Productivity Variables

Labor - contributes about 10% of the annual

increase
Capital - contributes about 32% of the annual
increase
Management - contributes about 52% of the
annual increase

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 Vaiabel Pokok yg dpt Meningkatkan
Poduktivitas Tenaga Kerja

1. Pendidikan dasar yg sesuai bagi tenaga

kerja yg efektif
2. Pengetatan angka tenaga kerja
3. Biaya sosial yg membuat tenaga kerja
tersedia, seperti transportasi dan sanitasi
4. Mempertahankan dan meningkatkan
ketrampilan tenaga kerja diera IPTEK yg
sangat cepat
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 Jobs in the U.S

Education, Health, etc.

6% 5%
5%
6% 3% Manufacturing
1%
Retail Trade

State & Local Gov't

14%
Finance, Insurance
26%
Wholesale Trade

Transport, Public Util.

16% Construction

Federal Government
18%
Mining

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 Comparison of Productivity

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 Investment and Productivity
in Selected Nations
10
U.S.
U.K.
8
Percent increase in productivity

Canada
6 Italy
Belgium
(Mfg)

4 France
Netherlands
2 Japan
Best fit
0
10 15 20 25 30 35
Nonresidential fixed investment to GNP (%)

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 Produktivitas Jasa

Biasanya membutuhkan tenaga kerja secara

banyak
Biasanya diproses secra individu
Sering merupakan tugas intelektual yg
dilakukan oleh seorang profesional
Sering sulit utk dimekanisasi dan
diotomatisai
Kualitasnya sulit utk dievaluasi
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 Tantangan pada Tanggung Jawab Sosial

Pemegang saham dan pemerintah

membutuhkan perhatian manajer secara
bertanggung jawab dlm menjaga
kebersihan lingkungan, linkungan kerja
yg aman, dan tingkah laku yg berahlak.?
Semua unsur-unsur tsb diakukan secara
integral sbg satu kesatuan yg tdk dapat
dipisahkan dari tanggung jawab sosial
organisasi kepada masyarakat.

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 Terimakasi h Om dan Tante

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