INTRODUCTION

 A geological hazard is one of several types of

adverse geological conditions capable of causing damage or loss of
property and life. These hazards consist of sudden phenomena
and slow phenomena.
 A geological hazard is an extreme natural events in the crust of
the earth that pose a threat to life and property, for example,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves) and
landslides.
 Geologic hazards are responsible for great loss of life and
destruction of property. In the twentieth century more than a
million people worldwide have been killed by earthquakes alone,
and the value of the property destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes,
and tsunamis amounts to scores of billions of dollars. Latin
America suffers its share of this destructive force: during the period
1985-1987, earthquakes in Ecuador, Mexico, and El Salvador and a
volcanic eruption in Colombia killed more than 36,000 people.
 Sudden phenomena
 Avalanches (snow, rock, or air & snow) also called a snowslide, is a
rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. Avalanches are typically
triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in
the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the forces on the snow exceed its
strength but sometimes only with gradually widening (loose snow
avalanche). After initiation, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and
grow in mass and volume as they entrain more snow. If the avalanche
moves fast enough some of the snow may mix with the air forming a
powder snow avalanche, which is a type of gravity current.
 Earthquakes (and earthquake-triggered phenomena such
as tsunamis) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from
the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves
 Forest fires (wildfire or wildland fire)is a fire in an area of
combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or rural
area.Depending on the type of vegetation where it occurs, a wildfire
can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire, bush
fire, desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat
fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire. It can lead to deforestation.
 Ice jam occurs when water builds up behind a blockage of ice. Ice
dams form either when glacier blocks a river and forms a lake or when
ice chunks in a river are blocked by something and build up to form a
dam.
 Landslide a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of
ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows
 Mudflows (avalanche-like muddy flow of soft/wet soil and sediment
materials, narrow landslides) is a form of mass wasting involving
"very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow"of debris that has become
partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of
water to the source material
 Pyroclastic flows is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic
matter (collectively known as tephra) that moves away from a volcano
reaching speeds of up to 700 km/h (430 mph). Pyroclastic flows are a
common and devastating result of certain explosive eruptions; they
normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill, or spread laterally
under gravity. Their speed depends upon the density of the current,
the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope.
 Rock falls(rock avalaunche) refers to quantities of rock falling freely
from a cliff face. The term is also used for collapse of rock from roof
or walls of mine or quarry workings.
 Torrents (flash floods) rapid floods or heavy current creeks with
irregular course
 volcanic eruptions, lahars and ash falls.
 Gradual or slow phenomena
 Alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed
and built up by streams. If a fan is built up by debris flows it is
properly called a debris cone or colluvial fan. These flows come from a
single point source at the apex of the fan, and over time move to
occupy many positions on the fan surface. Fans are typically found
where a canyon draining from mountainous terrain emerges out onto
a flatter plain, and especially along fault-bounded mountain fronts.
 Caldera is a large cauldron-like depression that forms following the
evacuation of a magma chamber/reservoir. When large volumes of
magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the crust
above the magma chamber is lost. The ground surface then collapses
downward into the partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a
massive depression at the surface (from one to dozens of kilometers in
diameter). Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is
actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and
collapse rather than an explosion or impact.
 Geyser Deposit as a fairly rare phenomenon, the formation of
geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions that exist in
only a few places on Earth. Generally all geyser field sites are located
near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity
of magma.
 Soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated,
unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts
like a liquid, often in an earthquake
 Sand Dune in physical geography, a dune is a hill of
loose sand built by aeolian processes (wind) or the flow of water.
Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes, formed by interaction with
the flow of air or water. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the
windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a
shorter "slip face" in the lee of the wind. The valley or trough between
dunes is called a slack. A "dune field" is an area covered by extensive
sand dunes. Dunes occur, for example, in some deserts and along
some coasts.
 Shoreline and stream erosion In eart science, erosion is the
action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that
removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on
the Earth's crust, and then transport it away to another location. The
particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred
to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts
with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an
area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the
flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be
transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.
 Thermal spring (hot spring) is a spring produced by the
emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the
Earth's crust. There are geothermal hot springs in many locations all
over the crust of the earth. While some of these springs contain water
that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that
immersion can result in injury or death.
RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
 Rainfall-induced landslides can be triggered by two main
mechanisms: shear failure due to build-up of pore water
pressure and erosion by surface water runoff when flow
velocity exceeds a critical value. Field measurements indicate
that, in the initial phase, the slip surface of a landslide often
occurs along the top of a relatively impermeable layer located
at some depth within the soil profile, e.g. at the contact with a
shallow underlying bedrock or parent rock. The shear strength
along this surface and hence the stability of the slope is
governed by the pore water pressure. The pore pressure is in
turn controlled by water seepage through the slope, either
from infiltrated rain, or from groundwater that follows
bedrock joints and soil layers with high permeability. When
the infiltration rate of the underlying layer is too low for
further downward penetration of water or when a wetting
front is produced, pore water pressure builds up, reducing the
soil shear strength..
 During high intensity rainfall, surface water runoff will
exert shear stresses on the bed material. De-pending on
the grain size distribution and specific gravity of the
material, erosion might occur when the flow velocity
exceeds a critical value. As erosion progresses and
sediment concentration increases, the flow regime may
become unstable with heavy erosion at high flow velocity
locations triggering a debris flow. In many cases,
previous landslides along steep gully walls have fed an
abundance of loose soil material into the
gullies. Landslides along gully walls that obstruct the water
transport may also trigger debris flows when the landslide-
dam collapses, creating a surge downstream. Both the
long-duration (1 or more days) and short-duration
precipitation (of the order of 1 hour) are significant in the
triggering of shallow landslides, since the critical short-
duration rainfall intensity reduces as the antecedent
accumulated rainfall increases.
SINKHOLE
A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-
hole, shakehole, swallet, swallow hole,
or doline (the different terms for sinkholes are often
used interchangeably), is a depression or hole in the
ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface
layer. Most are caused by karst processes—for
example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate
rocks or suffosion processes. Sinkholes vary in size
from 1 to 600 m (3.3 to 2,000 ft) both in diameter and
depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to
bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually
or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
. Sinkholes are common where the rock below the
land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt
beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by
groundwater circulating through them. As the
rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop
underground. Sinkholes are dramatic because
the land usually stays intact for a while until the
underground spaces just get too big. If there is
not enough support for the land above the
spaces then a sudden collapse of the land
surface can occur. These collapses can be small,
or, as this picture shows, or they can be huge
and can occur where a house or road is on top.
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS
 A geologic map or geological
map is a special-
purpose map made to
show geological features. Rock u
nits or geologic strata are shown
by color or symbols to indicate
where they are exposed at the
surface. Bedding planes and
structural features such
as faults, folds, foliations,
and lineations are shown
with strike and dip or tren and
plung symbols which give these
features' three-dimensional
orientations.
 Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to
illustrate the surface of a selected stratum
illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of
the strata. Isopach maps detail the variations in
thickness of stratigraphic units. It is not always
possible to properly show this when the strata are
extremely fractured, mixed, in some
discontinuities, or where they are otherwise
disturbed.
 MITIGATION STRATEGIES
A mitigation action is a specific action,
project, activity, or process taken to reduce
or eliminate long-term risk to people and
property from hazards and their impacts.
Implementing mitigation actions helps
achieve the plan’s mission and goals. The
actions to reduce vulnerability to threats
and hazards form the core of the plan and
are a key outcome of the planning process
Types of Mitigation Actions
The primary types of mitigation actions
to reduce long-term vulnerability are:
 Local plans and regulations
 Structural projects
 Natural systems protection
 Education programs
 Preparedness and response actions
 Local ordinances and review processes influence the way land
and buildings are developed and built. Examples include:
 Comprehensive plans
 Land use ordinances
 Subdivision regulations
 Development review
 Building codes and enforcement
 NFIP Community Rating System
 Capital improvement programs
 Open space preservation
 Stormwater management regulations and master plans
Plans, ordinances, policies and regulations should be mutually
reinforcing. All should leave to the development of a more
sustainable, resilient community.
Structure and Infrastructure Projects

 These actions involve modifying existing structures

and infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or
remove them from a hazard area. This could apply to
public or private structures as well as critical facilities
and infrastructure. This type of action also involves
projects to construct manmade structures to reduce the
impact of hazards. Many of these types of actions are
projects eligible for funding through the FEMA Hazard
Mitigation Assistance program. Task 9 – Create a Safe
and Resilient Community provides more information
on these programs.
 Examples include:
 Acquisitions and elevations of structures in flood
prone areas
 Utility undergrounding
 Structural retrofits.
 Floodwalls and retaining walls
 Detention and retention structures
 Culverts
 Safe rooms
 Natural Systems Protection

 These are actions that minimize damage and losses

and also preserve or restore the functions of natural
systems. Examples include:
 Sediment and erosion control
 Stream corridor restoration
 Forest management
 Conservation easements
 Wetland restoration and preservation
 Education and Awareness Programs
 These are actions to inform and educate citizens, elected
officials, and property owners about hazards and potential ways
to mitigate them. These actions may also include participation
in national programs, such as StormReady1 or Firewise2
Communities. Although this type of mitigation reduces risk less
directly than structural projects or regulation, it is an important
foundation. A greater understanding and awareness of hazards
and risk among local officials, stakeholders, and the public is
more likely to lead to direct actions. Examples include:
 Radio or television spots
 Websites with maps and information
 Real estate disclosure
 Presentations to school groups or neighborhood organizations
 Mailings to residents in hazard-prone areas.
 StormReady
 Firewise Communities
 Preparedness and Response Actions
 Mitigation actions reduce or eliminate long-term risk and
are different from actions taken to prepare for or respond to
hazard events. Mitigation activities lessen or eliminate the
need for preparedness or response resources in the future.
When analyzing risks and identifying mitigation actions,
the planning team may also identify emergency response or
operational preparedness actions. Examples include:
 Creating mutual aid agreements with neighboring
communities to meet emergency response needs.
 Purchasing radio communications equipment for the Fire
Department.
 Developing procedures for notifying citizens of available
shelter locations during and following an event.
 For some hazards, such as tornadoes, including
preparedness actions in the mitigation plan may be
necessary and practical. The mitigation plan may be
the best place for your community to capture and
justify the need for these actions. However, these will
not take the place of or meet the federal mitigation
planning requirements for identifying mitigation
actions. It is important that the planning team
understands the difference and can distinguish
between mitigation and other emergency
management activities
THANK YOU !! 

PREPARED BY:
KAREN MUYANO
PIA CARLA MOSTOLES
MARIA FATIMA DE GUZMAN
GAS-1