VOLUMEIII

POWER ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 2-2
APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

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 APPLICATION OF
SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES
 Mainly motor and non-motor applications
 Motor applications
a.Speed control of induction motors
b. Speed control of DC motors
c. Braking of Induction motor
d. Braking of DC motors
 Non-motor applications
a. Regulated power supply
b. Switch Mode Power Supply
c. Uninterruptible Power Supply
d. Welding
e. Heating
f. On-load Tap-Changing gear
g. VAR compensators
h. Excitation of Alternators
i. HVDC Transmission
j. Microprocessor based Thyristor controlled Electrical Drives

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 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Diodes D1,D2 convert the AC into unidirectional voltage with ripples inductor and capacitors
filter the output.
The ZENER acts as a voltage regulator and keeps a constant Dc voltage variable DC voltage
is taken from the output potentiometer.
The filter capacitor C2 discharges in to Bleeder resistance when AC supply is Disconnected.
Under NO-load condition, the output current flows through the Bleeder resistor and output
voltage appears across this resistor.
This conventional power supply is bulky because of size of transformer s, Inductor and
Capacitors.

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 Switch Mode Power Supply

DC output of uncontrolled rectifier is given as input to a high frequency inverter which operates
at a switching frequency of about 200KHz.
Output of the inverter is reduces to a low voltage AC and rectified by a full wave uncontrolled
rectifier.
Output of this rectifier is further filtered by CLC filter.

Since then frequency is increased, size of transformer and filer components are very
much reduced when compared to the conventional regulated power supply.
The Transformer provides the isolation between the AC and DC load .

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SEMI-CONVERTER –FED DC MOTOR
Current direction cannot reversed since SCRs and
Diodes are unidirectional.
Polarity of output voltage cannot be reversed hence it
is called a one-quadrant DC drive.
The output voltage of semiconductor can be varied by
varying the firing angle.
Thus the speed of the DC motor can be varied by
Varying the firing angle. Increasing the firing angle
decrease the speed .
At α , T1 is triggered T1&D2 conducts from α to π, Vs
and Io are +ve and power is fed to the load.
Beyond π , the current is transferred to FD,. During
Freewheeling, Vo is zero.
The armature current is maintained due to conduction
of FD.
FD is FWD biased by the voltage across the armature
Inductance.
Torque is developed during freewheeling due to
Continuous current.
During –ve cycle T2 is triggered at π to α T2 and D1
conducts and the above process repeats.
FULL- CONVERTER-FED DC MOTOR
Average output of this converter is positive with α
between 0⁰ to 90⁰. Vo is negative with α between
0⁰ to 180⁰.
Two quadrant operation is possible.
The first quadrant corresponds to motor
operation . Vo extended beyond π due to the
Inductance of the armature. The armature current
flows in the same direction for this extended
Period.
The fourth quadrant corresponds to generator
operation.
The EMF will be greater than the supply voltage.
The DC machine acts as a generator.
The full converter acts as a line commutation
Inverter.
The DC power is converted into AC power and fed
back to supply
DUAL-CONVERTOR-FED DC MOTOR
First and fourth quadrant operations possible with
converter 1
Second and third quadrant operations possible with
converter 2
There are Two Modes of operation
1. Simultaneous control or circulating current mode
2. Non simultaneous control or circulating current Free
Mode
In the Simultaneous control mode, A circulating flows in
the loop formed by both converters. The instantaneous
Values of the output voltage of both converters are not
Equal. Magnetite of the circulating current is limited by the
reactor L.
In the Non-simultaneous control, the firing pulses are Given
Only to one converter and suppressed for the other.
Changeover from one converter to the other takes a Long
Time because of R-L load.
Response of this quadrant operations are as below:
Torque +ve , Angular velocity +ve – FWD. Motoring
Torque –ve, Angular velocity +ve – FWD. Regeneration
Torque –ve, Angular velocity –ve – REV. Motoring
Torque +ve, Angular velocity –ve – REV. Regeneration
 CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
USING AC CHOPPER WITH PI CONTROLLER

Certain loads demand constant speed irrespective of variation in loads. With closed loop
system, a constant speed can be maintained. Closed loop system consists of two loops,
speed loop and current loop. The speed loop ensures that the motor runs at set speed.
The current loop protects the SRCs from over currents.
The control circuit vary the firing angle of the chopper using the output of current PI
Controller.
If the load increases, the speed decreases and the slip increases and the speed and
Current error increases. The current reduces the firing angle of the AC chopper. Thus the
speed of the motor comes back to the previous values since the voltage is increased .

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MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED
INDUCTION MOTOR
Motor is fed by an AC to DC converter
Converter is a 3 Ph fully controlled bridge rectifier
Inverter may be a 3 Ph current or voltage inverter
Speed of motor is measured by a shaft encoder. Motor
currents is measured by line CT’s rectified and fed to an
ADC.
Microprocessor with suitable software determines
the speed error and current error and acts as a control
unit.
The current error controls the firing angle of the
converter. The speed error modifies the frequency of
the inverter. The modifications are done such that V/f
is constant.
It modifies the frequency so that the speed of the
motor is closed to set speed. Initialization done by the
main programme.
Subroutine include speed measurement, error
generation, frequency correction. Voltage correction
and Thyristor firing. These subroutines are executed
when the processor is interrupted by the
corresponding input
 CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
USING AC CHOPPER WITH PI CONTROLLER

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MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
The 3 ph fully controlled bridge rectifier and the DC
Link inductor acts as the current source.
Microprocessor has the following functions
1. Ensures commutation of the inverter during staring
and low speeds.
2. An auto changeover from forced commutation to
Line commutation when speed is 10% of rated speed.
3. Distributed of firing pulses to rectifier & Inverter
The shaft encoder provides the information of speed
and rotor position.

Firing pulses of the inverter derived from a rotor position

Sensor to maintain synchronisation between rotor and
Stator rotating magnetic field. This will prevent problems
of hunting, instability and poor dynamic behaviour.
The stator frequency is slaved to rotor speed
Unlike in conservative controls, where the speed follows
the frequency, the frequency follows the speed.
The various routines for current regulation and speed
Regulation are executed by means of proper interrupt
signal generated by timers and line interfacing circuit.
 NON-REDUNDANT AND
PARALLEL REDUNDANT UPS
NON –REDUNDANT UPS SYSTEM
Low cost and simple in operation.
Failure of inverter will cause a shutdown
System not really uninterruptible
PARALLEL REDUNDANT UPS SYSTM
Full load can be supplied with two inverters shut
down. A faulty inverter has to be isolated since it
causes voltage DIP on the critical bus. This is done
by using the solid state interrupter.
Apart from continuity of supply, the ups must also
minimise voltage transients on the critical bus.
The inverters must give a stable voltage during load
changes. To improve transients response, the Inverter
must have low impedance.
The control circuit ensures that all inverters operate in
phase by all inverters using a single Control signal. Any
inverter can be taken in or out when the system in use.
A synchronous bypass is provided to remove the entire
ups from service without interrupting power to critical
Load. The battery to be suitable rated to withstand
extended outage.
HVDC TRANSMISSION
MONOPOLAR HVDC LINK
HVDC cannot be directly generated due to limitations of
DC generators.
At the sending end, LVAC is stepped up and rectified as
HVDC
HVDC is Transmitted over a long distance economically
Mononpolar system has only one conductor and the
earth is used as return conductor.
BIPOLAR HVDC LINK
Bipolar links have two conductor.
HVDC system has the following advantages
1. Simpler line construction
2. Since reactance is zero, power transmission capability
is higher.
3. No charging current since capacitive reactance is
infinity.
4. No skin effect
5. No VAR compensation
6. Less Corona loss and EMI
7. No stability problem since no series reactance
 GENERREX EXCITATION OF
ALTERNATORS
 A high response, self regulating system of excitation
of alternator.
 Power source for regulator is an integral part of the
generator.
 Excitation transformers provide an output
responsive to load, voltage, current and Power
Factor.

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 THREE PHASE COMPOUND EXCITATION OR STATIC
EXCITATION

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WELDING

The welding power is controlled by using AC

chopper .
Number of AC chopped pulses or Integral
number of AC cycles are applied using AC
Chopper.
Current can be increased by using a step
down transformer TR1.

The disadvantages of phase control are low

PF, higher harmonics and EMI.

In integral cycle control, voltage is applied for

period Ton and voltage not applied for
period Toff by suppressing the pulses to the
SCRs.
 THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED STATIC
ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGING GEAR

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HEATING
Resistance heating can be achieved by using
1.Metal conductor 2. carbon rod 3. liquid
Resistance heating is used in hot plates /furnaces
Heating resistors are generally made of alloys of
Nickel, chromium and uranium.
Induction heating is used in heating, annealing,
forging, Surface hardening, brazing & soldering
Also called eddy current heating, the heat is produced
due to eddy current losses taking place in the system.
Eddy current losses are proportional to the frequency
Single phase supply is rectified, filtered and fed to an
inverter to produce High frequency for power for
heating.
Controlling the frequency output of the inverter
control the amount of heat to be produced.
A non conducting material generates heat when
subjected to an AC supply. This is dielectric heating.
This method is used in plastic, wood, textile, chemical
and food industries. The job is placed between
electrodes are fed with a very high frequency supply.