Received:

Non-cultivated plants present

11 June 2015
Accepted:
a season-long route of
14 April 2016
Published online: pesticide exposure for honey
31 May 2016
bees
許舜綽
1
 Outline
1. Abstract
2. Method
3. Result
4. Discussion

2
 “
Overemphasis on agricultural systems
and the pesticides used there may fail
to identify key sources of risk for
pollinators.

3
Abstract 1
4
 Abstract
◉ Worldwide pollinator decline.
◉ Pesticides are stressor that received attention especially
neonicotinoids.
◉ The present of other pesticides in food resources seldom
been examined.
◉ Exposure of insects to single type pesticide rarely occur.
◉ We initiated this work to describe both how (plant species)
and when pollinator exposure to pesticides.

5
80%
的種子植物靠生物傳播花粉，繁衍生存。

6
 蜂群崩潰綜合徵
◉ Colony Collapse Disorder，缩写：CCD
◉ 大批蜂巢內的工蜂突然消失，歐洲蜜蜂蜂群大量死亡，造
成蜜蜂生態崩解。
◉ 成因不明，目前有多種猜測如：農藥、寄生蟲、病毒感染
等。
◉ 農藥受到了極大的關注，尤其是neonicotinoids。

7
Experiment Design 2
8
 Experiment Design
◉ Place 2 beehive in 3 different places.

Non-
Treated 3km Untreated 12km
agricultura
maize field maize field
l site

1.5hectare 有野花、樹木
3km 3km

Bee Bee
hives hives

9
◉ Langstroth beehive and queenright.
◉ Use pollen trap to collect pollen.
◉ Pollen collected once a week.
◉ 16 week(17th May-13rd Sep).
◉ Open once a month to make sure check situation.
◉ Free access to pollen.

10
外觀

11
Result 3
12
● Pollen contaminated with pesticides.
● Majority of pollen was collected from non cultivated plant.
● Pesticides Analyses
○ 32 different pesticides spanning 9 chemical class, most
common are fungicides and herbicides.
● Pollen Analyses：
○ From 30 plant family and dominated by Fabaceae

13
Non agricultural Site

14
 Pesticide active ingredients detected in pollen samples

● Revealed contamination
Chemical Pesticide type Site 1
Azoxystrobin Fungicide 93.33%
with 29 pesticide.
Trifloxystrobin Fungicide 63.33% ● Other less frequently in
3–16.7% of pollen
Metolachlor Herbicide 83.33% samples.
DEET Repellent 100%
Phenothrin Pyrethroid 30%
Prallethrin Pyrethroid 46.67%

15
 The identity and percentage of pollen
% of pollen over 16
Plant family Plant genus/species Common name weeks
Site 1
Fabaceae* G. max Soybean 5.97
Lotus corniculatus Common bird’s-foot- 3.98
trefoil
Melilotus sp. Sweet clover 6.91
Trifolium campestre Hop clover 0
Trifolium hybridum Alsike clover 5.45
Trifolium pratense Red clover 0.04
Trifolium repens White clover 2.02
Trifolium sp. Unknown clover 4.13
0 NA 8.24
0 Tufted vetch 0
Brassicacea Unknown (likely Mustards and 12.62
e* including S. arvensis) cabbages
Poaceae* Zea mays Maize 0.06

16
The mean concentration of pesticide-active ingredients
detected in pollen
● Mean pesticide
varied from 6–317
p.p.b.
● The highest
occurred during
August and
September.

17
Untreated maize site

18
 Pesticide active ingredients detected in pollen samples

Chemical
Azoxystrobin
Pesticide type
Fungicide
Site 2
87.50%
● Revealed contamination
Trifloxystrobin Fungicide 62.50%
with 31 pesticide.
● Other less frequently in
Metolachlor Herbicide 75% 4-33% of pollen samples.
Atrazine Herbicide 54.17%
DEET Repellent 100%
Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid 33.33%

19
 The identity and percentage of pollen

% of pollen over 16
Plant family Plant genus/species Common name weeks
Site 2
Fabaceae* G. max Soybean 1.38
Trifolium pratense Red clover 16.39
Trifolium repens White clover 15.84
Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed 8.3

Poaceae* Zea mays Maize 2.77

20
The mean concentration of pesticide-active ingredients
detected in pollen

● Mean pesticide
varied from 3–
736 p.p.b.
● The highest
occurred during
mid- August and
mid-September.

21
Treatment Maize Size

22
 Pesticide active ingredients detected in pollen samples

Chemical
Pesticide
type Site 3
● Revealed contamination
Azoxystrobin Fungicide 87.50% with 28 pesticide.
Trifloxystrobin 65.63% ● Other less frequently in
Acetochlor Herbicide 34.38% 40% of pollen samples.
Atrazine 43.75%
Metolachlor 71.88%
DEET Repellent 100%
Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid 28.13%
Thiamethoxam 21.88%

23
 The identity and percentage of pollen

% of pollen over 16
Plant family Plant genus/species Common name weeks
Site 3
Fabaceae* G. max Soybean 0.84
Trifolium pratense Red clover 14.79
Trifolium repens White clover 10.35
Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed 6.8

Unknown NA 3.76
Poaceae* Zea mays Maize 3.87

24
The mean concentration of pesticide-active ingredients
detected in pollen

● Mean pesticide
up to 1,453
p.p.b.
● The highest
occurred during
mid- August and
mid-September.

25
 The source of contaminant
Fungicides Neonicotinoid Repellent
Azoxystrobin and Trifloxystrobin Thiamethoxam and clothianidin DEET
Residue seed treatment in soil and Contacted by bee in non forging
Use for seed treatment and uptake by plant. way and transfer to wax.
residual remaining in the soil. Contaminant dust landing on
pollen.

Organophosphate Pyrethroid
Coumaphos Prallethrin and Phenothrin
Common miticide that is Used for the management of
frequently used in bee-keeping mosquitoes, fleas and ticks.

26
Discussion

27
 Discussion
● Pollen used by bee are non-cultivated plant and
contaminated with multiple pesticides.
● Collected pollen from treatment crop as a source of
exposure route for bee.
● The contaminant found in diverse pollen sources is
dominated by large monocultures of maize and soya bean.

28
 Determination of toxicity of contaminant

● The pesticide concentrations we documented that may

have effects from sub-lethal to acutely toxic.
● In general, scientist use LD50 as an indicator of risk posed
by a particular pesticide.
● New approach incorporates the frequency of detection of
pesticides in relevant matrices.

29
● Calculated the oral and contact risks posed to honeybees
based on:
○ Pesticide residue loads in pollen,
○ The detection frequency of each pesticide in pollen samples,
○ Reported honeybee oral and contact LD50 values.
● Result was shown in Table3, Table4 and Table5.

30
 Pesticide Residues and Bees – A Risk
Assessment

● Contact risk
○ LD50s were used to calculate the risk for a worker bee that
comes in contact with 1 g of contaminated pollen per day.
● Oral exposure
○ Focus on nurse bee, which feed exclusively on pollen for 10
days(65mg)

31
 Risk Assessment

● 9 active ingredients was detected in pollen and was

classified into the following three kinds that posing risk to
50% of honey bees:
○ Low risk values
■ 0.1–1%, 2–4 chemicals at each site
○ Moderate risk values
■ 1–5%, 2–3 chemicals at each site
○ High risk of mortality
■ >5%, 3–4 chemicals at each site

32
 Risk Assessment

● Pesticides used in agricultural production were not posed

the highest risks.
● Pyrethroids stood out as posing high risks but unable to
identify the plant species.
● Synergy effect i.e. fungicide propiconazole and certain
neonicotinoids and pyrethroid.

33
 The side effect caused by some pesticides

● Show no aversion to neonicotinoids presented in food

furthermore that these insecticides can impair honey bee
immune responses to pathogens
● Fungicides may contribute to the increased susceptibility of
honey bees to infection by the gut pathogen.
● Coumaphos can interact with the imidacloprid to affect
odour learning in honey bees

34
 Conclusion

● Casts doubt on the viability of bee-friendly habitats

adjacent to crop fields.
● Could act as putative ‘trap crops’
○ Acquiring multiple pesticides in the form of dust or spray drift
○ Contaminate water with active ingredients that are taken up
by plants and expressed in pollen

35
● Consider the exposure risks faced by pollinators in these
two environments that contain:
○ Acutely toxic chemical but present transiently(pyrethroids)
○ Pose sublethal risks but present consistently in the
environment (neonicotinoids)

36
 We know that

● Collected the vast majority of their pollen from non-crop

plants.
● Demonstrates that the pest-management practices have
implications for honey bee and other pollinator.
● Overemphasis on agricultural systems and the pesticides
used there may fail to identify key sources of risk for
pollinators.

37
THANKS!
Any questions?

38