PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 15:
Electromagnetic induction
(4 Hours)

1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

Learning Outcome:
15.1(a) Magnetic flux (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use magnetic flux,

 
Φ = B • A = BA cos φ

2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

15.1(a) Magnetic flux

15.1(a).1 Phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
 Consider some experiments were conducted by Michael Faraday that led
to the discovery of the Faraday’s law of induction as shown in Figures A,
B,C, D, and E.

v=0

No movement

Figure A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
v

S N
Move towards the coil

I I

Figure B
v=0

No movement

Figure C
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
v

N S Move away from the coil

I I

Figure D
v

N S
Move towards the coil

I I

Figure E
5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 From the experiments:
 bar magnet is stationary,
stationary
- galvanometer not show any deflection (no current
flows in the coil).
coil
 bar magnet is moved relatively towards the coil, coil
- the galvanometer shows a momentary deflection to the
right (Figure B).
- When the bar magnet is moved relatively away from the
coil, the galvanometer is seen to deflect in the opposite
direction (Figure D).
 Therefore :

- when there is any relative motion between the coil

and the bar magnet , the current known as induced
current will flow momentarily through the
galvanometer.
- this current due to an induced e.m.f across the coil. 6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

 Conclusion :
 When the magnetic field lines through a coil changes
thus the induced emf will exist across the coil.

 The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. depends on the

speed of the relative motion where if the
v increases induced emf increases
v decreases induced emf decreases

Therefore v is proportional to the induced emf.

emf

7
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
15.1(a).2 Magnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field

 defined as the scalar product between the magnetic flux density, B

with the vector of the area, A.

 
Φ = B • A = BA cos φ (7.1)

where
Φ : magnetic flux
 
φ : angle between the direction of B and A
B : magnitude of the magnetic flux density
A : area of the coil
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 scalar quantity
 unit is weber (Wb) OR tesla meter squared ( T m2).
 Consider a uniform magnetic field B passing through a surface area A of
a single turn coil as shown in Figures A and B. 
B


A
area

Figure A
 From the Figure A, the angle φ is 0° thus the magnetic flux is given by

Φ = BA cos φ
= BA cos 0 

Φ = BA maximum
9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

 B
A
φ = 90 
area

Figure B
 From the Figure B, the angle φ is 90° thus the magnetic flux is given by
Φ = BA cos φ
= BA cos 90 
Note:
Φ=0
 Direction of vector A always perpendicular (normal) to the
surface area, A.
 The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of field lines
passing through the area.
10
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 1 :
A single turn of rectangular coil of sides 10 cm × 5.0 cm is placed between
north and south poles of a permanent magnet. Initially, the plane of the coil
is parallel to the magnetic field as shown in Figure 15.3.

N S
R Q

I I
S P
Figure 15.3

If the coil is turned by 90° about its rotation axis and the magnitude of
magnetic flux density is 1.5 T, Calculate the change in the magnetic flux
through the coil.
11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : B = 1.5 T
The area of the coil is
( )( )
A = 10 × 10 −2 5.0 × 10 −2 = 5.0 × 10 −3 m 2

Initially, A  From the figure, φ =90° thus the initial
B magnetic flux through the coil is
Φ i = BA cos φ
= BA cos 90 
Φi = 0

Finally, B From the figure, φ =0° thus the final
magnetic flux through the coil is

A Φ f = BA cos φ
( )
= (1.5) 5.0 ×10 −3 cos 0
Φ f = 7.5 ×10 −3 Wb
Therefore the change in magnetic flux through the coil is
∆Φ = Φ f − Φ i ∆ Φ= 7.5 × 10 −3 − 0
∆ Φ= 7.5 × 10 −3 Wb 12
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 2 :
A single turn of circular coil with a diameter of 3.0 cm is placed in the
uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil makes an angle 30° to the
direction of the magnetic field. If the magnetic flux through the area of the
coil is 1.20 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
Solution :
d = 3.0 × 10 −2 m; Φ = 1.20 × 10 −3 Wb

A 
B
30 φ
30
The area of the coil is coil

A=
πd 2
A=
(
π 3.0 × 10 )
−2 2

4 4
A = 7.07 × 10 −4 m 2
13
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : d = 3.0 × 10 −2 m; Φ = 1.20 × 10 −3 Wb

The angle between the direction of magnetic field, B and vector of area, A
is given by
φ = 90 − 30 = 60
  

Therefore the magnitude of the magnetic field is

Φ = BA cos φ

(
1.20 ×10 −3 = B 7.07 ×10 −4 cos 60  )
B = 3.40 T

14
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 3 :

Figure 15.4
The three loops of wire as shown in Figure 15.4 are all in a region of space
with a uniform magnetic field. Loop 1 swings back and forth as the bob on a
simple pendulum. Loop 2 rotates about a vertical axis and loop 3 oscillates
vertically on the end of a spring. Which loop or loops have a magnetic flux
that changes with time? Explain your answer.
15
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution :

Only loop 2 has a changing magnetic flux.

flux

Reason :
Loop 1 moves back and forth, and loop 3 moves up and down, but
since the magnetic field is uniform, the flux always constant with time.
Loop 2 on the other hand changes its orientation relative to the field as it
rotates, hence its flux does change with time.

16
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

Learning Outcome:
15.1(b) Induced emf (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

 Explain induced emf.
 State Faraday’s law.
 Apply formulae,

dΦ
ε =−
dt

17
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

Learning Outcome:
15.1(b) Induced emf (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Derive and use formula of induced emf for:
 a coil,
dB dA
ε = −A OR ε = −B
dt dt

 a rotating coil,

ε = NABω sin ωt

18
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

15.1(b) Induced emf

15.1(b).1 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

 states that the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the

rate of change of the magnetic flux.
flux

dΦ dΦ
ε ∝− OR ε =− (7.2)
dt dt
where
dΦ : change of the magnetic flux
dt : change of time
ε : induced emf
 The negative sign indicates that the direction of induced emf always
oppose the change of magnetic flux producing it (Lenz’s law).
law)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 For a coil of N turns, eq. (7.2) can be written as
dΦ
ε = −N (7.3)
dt
 Since dΦ = Φ f − Φ i , then eq. (7.3) can be written as

ε = −N
( Φf − Φi )
(7.4)
dt
where Φ f : final magnetic flux
Φ i : initial magnetic flux
 For a coil of N turns is placed in the changing magnetic field B, the
induced emf ε is given by
dΦ
ε = −N and Φ = BA cos φ
dt
20
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
d ( BA cos φ )
ε = −N
dt
 dB 
ε = − NA( cos φ )   (7.5)
 dt 
 For a coil of N turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field B but
changing in the coil’s area A, the induced emf ε is given by
dΦ
ε = −N and Φ = BA cos φ
dt
d ( BA cos φ )
ε = −N
dt
 dA 
ε = − NB( cos φ )   (7.6)
 dt  21
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 For a coil is connected in series to a resistor of resistance R and
the induced emf ε exist in the coil as shown in Figure 7.5,
the induced current I is given by
dΦ
ε = −N and ε = IR
dt
I I dΦ
R IR = − N (7.7)
dt
Note: Figure 15.5
 To calculate the magnitude of induced emf,
emf the negative sign can
be ignored.
ignored
 For a coil of N turns, each turn will has a magnetic flux Φ of
BAcosφ through it, therefore the magnetic flux linkage (refer to
the combined amount of flux through all the turns) is given by
magnetic flux linkage = NΦ
22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 15.4 :
The magnetic flux passing through a single turn of a coil is increased
quickly but steadily at a rate of 5.0× 10−2 Wb s−1. If the coil have 500 turns,
calculate the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil.
Solution : dΦ
N = 500 turns; = 5.0 × 10 − 2 Wb s −1
By applying the Faraday’s law equationdtfor a coil of N turns , thus

dΦ
ε=N
dt
(
= ( 500) 5.0 × 10 −2 )
ε = 25 V

23
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 15.5 :
A coil having an area of 8.0 cm2 and 50 turns lies perpendicular to a
magnetic field of 0.20 T. If the magnetic flux density is steadily reduced to
zero, taking 0.50 s, determine
a. the initial magnetic flux linkage.
b. the induced emf.
Solution : A = 8.0 × 10 −4 m 2 ; N = 50 turns; Bi = 0.20 T; Bf = 0;
dt = 0.50 s 
B

A φ = 0

a. The initial magnetic flux linkage is given by

initial magnetic flux linkage = NΦ i
= NBi A cos φ
24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : A = 8.0 × 10 −4 m 2 ; N = 50 turns; Bi = 0.20 T; Bf = 0;
dt = 0.50 s
a. ( )
= ( 50)( 0.20) 8.0 × 10 −4 cos 0
initial magnetic flux linkage = 8.0 × 10 −3 Wb
b. The induced emf is given by
dB
ε = − NA cos φ and dB = Bf − Bi
dt
 Bf − Bi 
= − NA cos φ  
 dt 
( )(
= −( 50) 8.0 × 10 cos 0 
−4
)
  0 − 0.20 

 0.50 
−2
ε = 1.6 × 10 V
25
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 15.6 :
A narrow coil of 10 turns and diameter of 4.0 cm is placed perpendicular to
a uniform magnetic field of 1.20 T. After 0.25 s, the diameter of the coil is
increased to 5.3 cm.
a. Calculate the change in the area of the coil.
b. If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 Ω , determine the induced
current in the coil.
Solution : N = 10 turns; d i = 4.0 × 10 −2 m; d f = 5.3 × 10 −2 m;
B = 1.2 T; dt = 0.25 s
 
B B
 
A A

Initial φ = 0 Final
26
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : N = 10 turns; d i = 4.0 × 10 −2 m; d f = 5.3 × 10 −2 m;
B = 1.2 T; dt = 0.25 s
a. The change in the area of the coil is given by
dA = Af − Ai
 πd f 2   πd i 2 
=  −
  4 

 4   
π 2
(
= df − di
4
2
)
π
(
=  5.3 × 10
4
−2 2
) (
− 4.0 × 10 −2 2 


)
−4 2
dA = 9.5 × 10 m

27
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : N = 10 turns; d i = 4.0 × 10 −2 m; d f = 5.3 × 10 −2 m;
B = 1.2 T; dt = 0.25 s
b. Given R = 2. 4 Ω
The induced emf in the coil is
 dA 
ε = NB( cos φ )  
 dt 
 
( )
−4
9. 5 × 10
= (10)(1.2 ) cos 0 



 0 .25 
ε = 4.56 × 10 −2 V
Therefore the induced current in the coil is given by
ε = IR
4.56 × 10 −2 = I ( 2.4 )
−2
I = 1.9 × 10 A
28
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Learning Outcome:
15.2 Induced emf (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 State Lenz’s law.
 Apply formulae,

d
ε = NBA (cos ωt )
dt
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
15.2(a) Lenz’s law
 states that an induced electric current always flows in such a
direction that it opposes the change producing it. it
 This law is essentially a form of the law of conservation of energy.
energy

Experiment 1 :
From lenz’s law experiments : Direction of
induced current –
Figure shows the magnitude Right hand grip
of the magnetic field at the rule.
I

N
solenoid increases as the bar North pole
magnet is moved towards it.

I
30
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

 an emf is induced in the solenoid and the galvanometer indicates that

a current is flowing.
 direction of the current deflection of the galvanometer needle shows
the direction of the current.
 the current through the solenoid is in the direction that make
the solenoid upper end becomes a north pole.
pole This opposes the
motion of the bar magnet and obey the lenz’s law.
law

31
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Experiment 2 :
 Consider two solenoids P and Q arranged coaxially closed to each
other as shown in Figure A.
ε ind

S N N S
P
I Switch, S I
+ Q -I
I ind ind

Figure A
 closed current I begins to flow in
At the moment when the switch S is closed,
the solenoid P and producing a magnetic field inside the solenoid P.
Suppose that the field points towards the solenoid Q.

32
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 The magnetic flux through the solenoid Q increases with time.time
According to Faraday’s law ,an induced current due to induced emf will
exist in solenoid Q.
 The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a magnetic field
that oppose the change producing it (increase in flux). Hence based on
Lenz’s law, the induced current flows in circuit consists of solenoid Q is
anticlockwise (Figure A) and the galvanometer shows a deflection.

ε ind

S N S N
P - Q +
I Switch, S I I ind I ind

Figure B
33
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 At the moment when the switch S is opened,
opened the current I starts to
decrease in the solenoid P and magnetic flux through the solenoid Q
decreases with time.
time
 According to Faraday’s law ,an induced current due to induced emf will
exist in solenoid Q.
 The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a magnetic field
that oppose the change producing it (decrease in flux).
 Hence based on Lenz’s law, the induced current flows in circuit
consists of solenoid Q is clockwise (Figure B) and the galvanometer
seen to deflect in the opposite direction of Figure 15.7.

34
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 15.7 :
A single turn of circular shaped coil has a resistance of 20 Ω and an area of
7.0 cm2. It moves toward the north pole of a bar magnet as shown in Figure
7.10.

If the average rate of change of magnetic flux density through the coil is
0.55 T s−1,
a. determine the induced current in the coil
b. state the direction of the induced current observed by the
observer shown in figure.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
−4 dB
Solution : N = 1 turn; R = 20 Ω; A = 7.0 × 10 m ; = 0.55 T s −1
2

a. By applying the Faraday’s law of induction, thus

dt
dΦ
ε = −N and Φ = BA cos180

dt
d
= − N ( − BA)
dt
dB
= NA
dt
( ) ( −4
)
= 1 7.0 × 10 ( 0.55)
ε = 3.85 × 10 −4 V
Therefore the induced current in the coil is given by
ε = IR
3.85 × 10 −4 = I ( 20)
I = 1.93 × 10 −5 A 36
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution :
b. Based on the lenz’s law, hence the direction of induced current is
clockwise as shown in figure below.

S I ind N

37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
15.2(b) Induced emf in a rotating coil
 Consider a rectangular coil of N turns, each of area A, being rotated

mechanically with a constant angular velocity ω in a uniform magnetic


field of flux density B about an axis as shown in figure.
B

N
ω
φ

A
S
coil
side view
 When the vector of area, A is at an angle φ to the magnetic field B, the
magnetic flux Φ through each turn of the coil is given by

Φ = BA cos φ and φ = ωt
Φ = BA cos ωt
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 By applying the equation of Faraday’s law for a coil of N turns, thus the
induced emf is given by
dΦ
ε = −N
dt
d
= − N ( BA cos ωt )
dt
d
= − NBA ( cos ωt )
dt
ε = NBAω sin ωt (7.8)

where t : time
 The induced emf is maximum when hence sin ωt = 1
ε max = NBAω (7.9)
2π
where ω = 2πf =
T 39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
 Eq. (7.8) also can be written as

ε = NBAω sin φ (7.10)

 
where φ : angle between A and B
 Conclusion : A coil rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field produces a sinusoidally alternating emf as shown by the
induced emf ε against time t graph in Figure 15.11.
ε ( V) ε = ε max sin ωt
Note:
ε max
This phenomenon
was the important
part in the 0 t
development of 0.5T T 1.5T 2T
the electric − ε max
generator or 
dynamo.
dynamo B
40
Figure 15.11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Example 15.8 :
A rectangular coil of 100 turns has a dimension of 10 cm × 15 cm. It rotates
at a constant angular velocity of 200 rpm in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density 5.0 T. Calculate
a. the maximum emf produced by the coil,
b. the induced emf at the instant when the plane of the coil makes
an angle of 38° to the magnetic field.
Solution : N = 100 turns; B = 5.0 T
The area of the coil is
( )( )
A = 10 × 10 −2 15 ×10 −2 = 1.5 ×10 −2 m 2
and the constant angular velocity in rad s−1 is
 200 rev  2π rad  1 min 
ω =   
 1 min  1 rev  60 s 
ω = 20.9 rad s −1
41
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Solution : N = 100 turns; B = 5.0 T
a. The maximum emf produced by the coil is given by
ε max = NBAω
= (100 )( 5.0 ) (1.5 × 10 −2 )( 20.9 )
ε max = 157 V

b. B From the figure, the angle φ is
38  φ = 90 − 38 = 52
φ Therefore the induced emf is given by
 ε = NBAω sin φ
A
= (100 )( 5.0 ) (1.5 ×10 −2 )( 20.9 ) sin 52
ε = 124 V

42
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Exercise :
1. A bar magnet is held above a loop of wire in a horizontal plane, as
shown in figure.
The south end of the magnet is toward the
loop of the wire. The magnet is dropped
toward the loop. Determine the direction of
the current through the resistor
a. while the magnet falling toward the loop,
b. after the magnet has passed through the
loop and moves away from it.
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th edition,
Serway&Jewett, Q15, p.991)
ANS. : U think

43
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
2. A coil of area 0.100 m2 is rotating at 60.0 rev s-1 with the axis of rotation
perpendicular to a 0.200 T magnetic field.
a. If the coil has 1000 turns, determine the maximum emf generated
in it.
b. What is the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic
field when the maximum induced emf occurs?
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th edition,Serway&Jewett, Q35, p.996)
ANS. : 7.54× 103 V

3. A circular coil has 50 turns and diameter 1.0 cm. It rotates at a constant
angular velocity of 25 rev s−1 in a uniform magnetic field of flux density
50 µ T. Determine the induced emf when the plane of the coil makes
an angle 55° to the magnetic field.
ANS. : 1.77× 10−5 V

44
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15

Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 16 :
Waves

45