Anatomy Test 1 Review

Chapter 1 Part B
The Human
Body: An
Orientation
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ivy Tech Community College
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane
Vertebral Right Left

column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen
Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Spinal

fat layer cord
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4 Part A
Tissue:
The Living
Fabric

prepared by
Types of Tissue
1. Connective Tissue
1. Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
2. Dense
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic
2. Cartilage
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage
3. Bone
1. Compact
2. Spongy
4. Blood
Types of Tissue
2. Epithelial
1. Covering and Lining Epithelia
2. Glandular Epithelia
3. Muscle
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
4. Nervous
Types of Connective Tissues
• There are four main classes of connective

tissue:
– Connective tissue proper
– Cartilage
– Bone
– Blood

Classification of Epithelia
• All epithelial tissues have two names

– First name indicates number of cell layers
• Simple epithelia are a single layer thick
• Stratified epithelia are two or more layers thick and
involved in protection (example: skin)
– Second name indicates shape of cells
• Squamous: flattened and scale-like
• Cuboidal: box-like, cube
• Columnar: tall, column-like
– In stratified epithelia, shape can vary in each
layer, so cell is named according to the shape in
apical layer
4.4 Muscle Tissue
• Highly vascularized
• Three types of muscle tissues:
– Skeletal muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle

Smooth Muscle
• Smooth muscle tissue

– Found mainly in walls of hollow organs (other
than heart)
– Involuntary muscle
– Has no visible striations
– Spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus

Chapter 9 Part A
Muscles and
Muscle Tissue

prepared by
Figure 9.10 A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers it innervates.
Spinal cord Axon terminals at
neuromuscular Branching axon
junctions to motor unit
Motor Motor
unit 1 unit 2
Nerve
Motor neuron
cell body
Motor neuron
axon
Muscle
Muscle
fibers
Branching axon terminals

form neuromuscular
junctions, one per muscle
fiber (photomicrograph 330×).
Axons of motor neurons extend from the spinal cord to the muscle. At the
muscle, each axon divides into a number of axon terminals that form neuromuscular
junctions with muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle.

Figure 9.3-3 Composition of thick and thin filaments.
Thin filament
A thin filament consists of two strands of actin subunits

twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins
(troponin and tropomyosin).
Portion of a thin filament
Tropomyosin Troponin Actin

Focus Figure 9.2 Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the
sliding of myofilaments.
Steps in E-C Coupling:

Sarcolemma
1 The action potential (AP)
Voltage-sensitive T tubule
tubule protein propagates along the sarcolemma
and down the
Setting the stage T tubules.
The events at the neuromuscular junction
(NMJ) set the stage for E-C coupling by C a 2+ 2 Calcium ions are released.
providing excitation. Released acetylcholine r e l e a Transmission of the AP along the
s e T tubules of the triads causes the
binds to receptor proteins on the voltage-sensitive tubule proteins to
c h a n
sarcolemma and triggers an action potential Terminal
n e l change shape. This shape change
in a muscle fiber. cistern opens the Ca2+ release channels in the
of SR terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR), allowing Ca2+ to flow
Axon terminal of into the cytosol.
Synaptic
motor neuron at NMJ
cleft
Action potential Ca2+

is generated
ACh
Actin
Sarcolemma
Troponin Tropomyosin
T tubule blocking active sites
Terminal Myosin
cistern 3 Calcium binds to
of SR troponin and removes
Ca2+ Ca2+ the blocking action of
Muscle fiber Triad tropomyosin. When Ca2+
binds, troponin changes
shape, exposing binding
Active sites exposed and sites for myosin (active
ready for myosin binding sites) on the thin filaments.
One sarcomere
4 Contraction begins:
Myosin binding to actin
forms cross bridges and
Myosin contraction (cross bridge
cross cycling) begins. At this
One myofibril bridge point, E-C coupling is over.
The aftermath
When the muscle AP ceases, the voltage-sensitive tubule proteins return to their
original shape, closing the Ca2+ release channels of the SR. Ca2+ levels in the
sarcoplasm fall as Ca2+ is continually pumped back into the SR by active
transport. Without Ca2+, the blocking action of tropomyosin is restored,
myosin-actin interaction is inhibited, and relaxation occurs. Each time an AP
arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the sequence of E-C coupling is repeated.

Focus Figure 9.3 The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. Slide 5
Actin Ca2+ Thin filament
ADP
Myosin
cross bridge Pi
Thick filament
Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation. Energized

myosin head attaches to an actin
myofilament, forming a cross bridge.
ADP
ADP
Pi
ATP Pi
hydrolysis
4 Cocking of the myosin head. As 2 The power (working) stroke. ADP

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi , the and Pi are released and the myosin head
myosin head returns to its prestroke pivots and bends, changing to its bent
high-energy, or “cocked,” position.* low-energy state. As a result it pulls the
actin filament toward the M line.
In the absence
of ATP, myosin
heads will not
detach, causing
rigor mortis.
ATP ATP
*This cycle will continue as long as ATP is 3 Cross bridge detachment. After ATP
available and Ca2+ is bound to troponin. If attaches to myosin, the link between myosin
ATP is not available, the cycle stops between and actin weakens, and the myosin head
steps 2 and 3 . detaches (the cross bridge “breaks”).

Muscle response to changes in stimulus
frequency (cont.)
– If stimuli frequency increases, muscle tension
reaches maximum
• Referred to as fused tetanus because contractions
“fuse” into one smooth sustained contraction plateau

Chapter 5
The
Integumentary
System

prepared by
Integumentary System
• Integumentary system consists of:

– Skin
– Hair
– Nails
– Sweat glands
– Sebaceous (oil) glands

Figure 5.1 Skin structure.
Hair shaft
Epidermis
Sweat pore
Appendages of skin
Dermis • Eccrine sweat gland
• Arrector pili muscle
• Sebaceous (oil) gland
• Hair follicle
Hypodermis
Nervous structures
• Sensory nerve fiber Adipose tissue

5.8 Functions of Skin
• Skin is a barrier
• Its main functions include:
– Protection
– Body temperature regulation
– Cutaneous sensations
– Metabolic functions
– Blood reservoir
– Excretion of wastes

Figure 5.2 Epidermal cells and layers of the epidermis.
Diagram
Photomicrograh
Keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead
cells, essentially flat membranous sacs
filled with keratin.
Stratum granulosum
Typically one to five layers of flattened
cells, organelles deteriorating
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by
desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles
of intermediate filaments made of
pre-keratin.
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells
become part of the more superficial layers.
See occasional melanocytes and dendritic Dermis
cells.
Dermis Sensory Tactile

nerve (Merkel)
ending cell
Melanocyte

Chapter 6 Part A
Bones and
Skeletal
Tissue

prepared by
Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton.
Epiglottis
Cartilage in Thyroid Larynx
Cartilages in cartilage
external ear nose
Cricoid
Articular Trachea
cartilage
cartilage Lung
of a joint
Costal
Cartilage in cartilage
intervertebral
disc
Respiratory
tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Pubic symphysis Bones of skeleton

Axial skeleton
Meniscus (padlike Appendicular skeleton
cartilage in
knee joint) Cartilages
Hyaline cartilages
Articular cartilage
of a joint Elastic cartilages
Fibrocartilages

Functions of Bones
• There are seven important functions of bones:

1. Support
• For body and soft organs
2. Protection
• Protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
3. Movement
• Levers for muscle action
4. Triglyceride (fat) storage
• Fat, used for an energy source, is stored in bone
cavities

6.2 Functions of Bones
5. Blood cell formation

• occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
6. Mineral and growth factor storage
• Calcium and phosphorus, and growth factors reservoir
• Calcium functions in many processes, such as nerve
transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation,
gland and nerve secretions, as well as cell division
• Intestinal absorption of Ca2+ requires vitamin D
7. Hormone production
• Osteocalcin secreted by bones helps to regulate
insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

Figure 6.2 Classification of bones on the basis of shape.
Flat bone
(sternum)
Long bone
(humerus)
Irregular bone (vertebra),

right lateral view Short bone
(talus)

6.4 Bone Structure
• Bones are organs because they contain

different types of tissues
• Bone tissue predominates, but a bone also has
nervous tissue, blood vessels, cartilage and fibrous
connective tissue
• Hyaline cartilage covers area of bone that is
part of a movable joint

Figure 6.3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone.
Spongy bone
Compact
bone
Trabeculae of
spongy bone

Figure 6.4a The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm).
Articular
cartilage
Proximal
epiphysis
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal
line
Periosteum
Compact bone
Medullary
cavity (lined
by endosteum)
Diaphysis
Distal
epiphysis

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Cells of bone tissue

– Three major cell types
1. Osteoblasts (form bone)
2. Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
3. Osteoclasts (destroy bone)

Figure 6.7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone.
Compact Spongy bone

bone
Central
canal
Osteon
Circumferential
lamellae
Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel

Periosteum
Nerve
Vein
Artery Lamellae
Central
Canaliculi canal
Osteocyte Lacunae
in a lacuna
Interstitial lamella Lacuna (with osteocyte)
Figure 6.6 A single osteon.
Artery with
capillaries
Structures
in the Vein
central Nerve fiber
canal
Lamellae
Collagen
fibers
run in
different
directions
Twisting
force

Chemical Composition of Bone
• Bone is made up of both organic and

inorganic components
Organic components
• Includes stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-
lining cells, osteoclasts and collagen fibers
– Resilience of bone is due to sacrificial bonds in
or between collagen molecules that stretch and
break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures
– If no additional trauma, bonds re-form

Chemical Composition of Bone (cont.)
• Inorganic components
– Mineral salts makeup 65% of bone by mass
• Consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in
and around collagen fibers
• Responsible for hardness and resistance to
compression

Control of Remodeling
1. Hormonal controls
• Negative feedback loop that controls blood Ca2+ levels
2. Response to mechanical stress

Chapter 8 Part A
Joints

prepared by
Classification of Joints
• Joints: sites where two or more bones meet
• three types based on what material binds the

joints and whether a cavity is present
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Fibrous Joints
• Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

• No joint cavity
• Most are immovable
• Three types of fibrous joints
– Sutures
– Syndesmoses
– Gomphoses

Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone
edges interlock. Found only in
the skull.
Suture
line
Fibrous
connective
tissue
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length,
but is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament

Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Root of
tooth
Periodontal
ligament
Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones united by cartilage

• Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity
• Not highly movable
Two types
– Synchondroses
– Symphyses

Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary Joint between
hyaline cartilage first rib and
joint) sternum
(immovable)

Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral disc
(sandwiched between Pubic symphysis
hyaline cartilage)

General Structure of Synovial Joints (cont.)
• Other features of some synovial joints:

– Articular discs (menisci)
• Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces
– Fatty pads
meniscus
fat pad

Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
bursa Joint cavity

containing
synovial fluid
Fibrous layer of
articular capsule
Articular
cartilage
Tendon
sheath
Synovial
membrane
Tendon Fibrous
layer
Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
• Three general types of movements
– Gliding
– Angular movements
– Rotation

(cont.)
• Special movements
– Supination and pronation: rotation of radius
and ulna
• Supination: palms face anteriorly
– Radius and ulna are parallel
• Pronation: palms face posteriorly
– Radius rotates over ulna
– Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
• Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
• Plantar flexion: pointing toes

(cont.)
• Special movements (cont.)
– Inversion and eversion of foot
• Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
• Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
– Protraction and retraction: movement in lateral
plane
• Protraction: mandible juts out
• Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck

(cont.)
• Special movements (cont.)
– Elevation and depression of mandible
• Elevation: lifting body part superiorly
– Example: shrugging shoulders
• Depression: lowering body part
– Example: opening jaw
– Opposition: movement of thumb
• Example: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on
same hand or any grasping movement

Head and Face
Chapters 7, 8 &10

Cranium
• Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones:

– Frontal bone
– Parietal bones (two—left and right)
– Occipital bone
– Temporal bones (two—left and right)
– Sphenoid bone
– Ethmoid bone

Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process

Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.
View Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull

Facial Bones
Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of

which are paired (mandible and vomer are single)
• Mandible • Lacrimal bones (2)

• Maxillary bones (2) • Palatine bones (2)
• Zygomatic bones (2) • Vomer
• Nasal bones (2) • Nasal Inferior
nasal conchae (2)

Figure 7.4a Bones of the face
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha

Vomer
Mandible
Anterior view

Figure 8.12b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Articular disc
Mandibular
fossa
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membranes
Inferior joint
cavity
Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint

Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses - produce mucus.

Epicranial
aponeurosis
Frontal Epicranius
belly
Corrugator
supercilii Occipital
Orbicularis oculi belly
Levator labii
superioris Temporalis
Zygomaticus
minor and major
Buccinator Masseter
Risorius
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis Trapezius
Depressor
labii inferioris Splenius
capitis
Depressor anguli
oris
Platysma
Figure 10.7 Muscles used in facial
expressions.
Zygomaticus major Orbicularis oris Mentalis

(smile) (pucker) (pout)
Platysma
(tense neck)
Frontal belly of
Corrugator supercilii Orbicularis oculi epicranius (raised
(angry eyebrows) (blink) eyebrows/wrinkled forehead)
Table 10.2: Muscles of the Head, Part 2:
Mastication and Tongue Movement
• Muscles of mastication
– Four pairs
• Prime movers of jaw closure: temporalis and masseter
• Grinding movements: pterygoids
• Chewing role: buccinator
• Muscles promoting tongue movements
– Three extrinsic muscles anchor and move tongue
• Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
Figure 10.8a Muscle for Jaw Closure and Chewing
Temporalis
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Buccinator
Figure 10.8c Muscles for Tongue Movements.
Styloid process
Styloglossus
Genioglossus Hyoglossus
Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
Thyrohyoid

Figure 10.9a Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used
in swallowing.
Anterior
belly Mylohyoid
Digastric Stylohyoid
Posterior
belly Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid (cut) Omohyoid
(superior belly)
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Sternothyroid Omohyoid
(inferior belly)
Vertebral Column & Thorax
(Chapters 7, 8 &10)

Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton
Epiglottis
Cartilage in Thyroid Larynx
Cartilages in cartilage
external ear nose
Cricoid
Articular Trachea
cartilage
cartilage Lung
of a joint
Costal
Cartilage in cartilage
intervertebral
disc
Respiratory
tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Pubic symphysis Bones of skeleton

Axial skeleton
Meniscus (padlike Appendicular skeleton
cartilage in
knee joint) Cartilages
Hyaline cartilages
Articular cartilage
of a joint Elastic cartilages
Fibrocartilages
Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.
C1
2
3 Cervical curvature
4
5
6
7
T1 Spinous
2 process
3 Transverse
4 processes
5
Thoracic curvature
6
7
8
9 Intervertebral
discs
10
11 Intervertebral
foramen
12
L1
2
Lumbar curvature
3
Sacral curvature
(5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view Right lateral view

Table 7.2-2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (continued)

Table 7.2-3 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (continued)

Figure 7.17b Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anterior longitudinal
ligament
Body of a vertebra
Intervertebral disc
Anterior view of part of the spinal column

Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Median section of three vertebrae

Figure 10.10e Muscles that stabilize the vertebral column
Intertransversarius
Rotatores
Multifidus
Interspinales
Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Transverse
process
Herniated portion
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc

Anterior Muscles that Flex the Head
Sterocleidomastoid
- flexes, tilts and rotates head
Scalenes (Middle, Anterior, Posterior)
- flexes and rotates head (& elevates first two
ribs during inspiration)
Sternohyoid
- can flex skull (depresses larynx and hyoid
bone during speech)

Anterior muscles of the neck that move the head
Middle
Sternocleido- scalene
mastoid
Anterior
scalene
Posterior
scalene
Anterior
Anterior muscles of the neck that move the head
Sternohyoid
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Posterior Muscles that Extend the Head
Trapezius
- extends head, moves scapula
Splenius
- extends and laterally rotates head
Longissimus
- extends head and extends and laterally
rotates vertebral column
Semispinalis (Middle, Anterior, Posterior)
- extends head and vertebral column and
rotates head to opposite side
Levator scapulae
- laterally flexes neck, and moves scapula

Figure 10.14c Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm.
Levator
scapulae
Trapezius

Figure 10.10b Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head
and trunk.
Splenius
Posterior
Longissimus capitis Semispinalis
capitis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis Semispinalis

thoracis
Longissimus
thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum
External oblique
Posterior Muscles that Extend the Spine
Erector Spinae
Iliocostalis - extend and laterally flex vertebral column
Longissimus - extend and laterally flex vertebral
column and head
Spinalis - extends vertebral column
Semispinalis - extends vertebral column and rotates

head to opposite side
Quadratus Lumborum – laterally flexes vertebral column

Figure 10.10d Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.
Mastoid process
of temporal bone
Longissimus capitis Semispinalis
capitis
Semispinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis Semispinalis

thoracis
Longissimus
thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum

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Chapter 1 Part B

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane

Vertebral Right Left

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Spinal

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

• There are four main classes of connective

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• All epithelial tissues have two names

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Smooth muscle tissue

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Branching axon terminals

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A thin filament consists of two strands of actin subunits

Tropomyosin Troponin Actin

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Steps in E-C Coupling:

Action potential Ca2+

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Actin Ca2+ Thin filament

1 Cross bridge formation. Energized

4 Cocking of the myosin head. As 2 The power (working) stroke. ADP

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

• Integumentary system consists of:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dermis Sensory Tactile

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Pubic symphysis Bones of skeleton

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• There are seven important functions of bones:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Blood cell formation

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Irregular bone (vertebra),

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Bones are organs because they contain

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Cells of bone tissue

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Compact Spongy bone

Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Bone is made up of both organic and

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Response to mechanical stress

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

• Joints: sites where two or more bones meet

• three types based on what material binds the

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Bones united by cartilage