Objectives…

 To:
1.Name the blood groups of ABO and Rh system.
2.Give the principle of determination of blood groups.
3.Study the effect of Rhesus factor in the case of
Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
4.Determine blood groups by using antisera.
5.Give the importance of cross-matching.
6.Describe the importance of blood groups
determination in the process of blood transfusion.
What does blood types mean?

Different blood
types have
different
SURFACE
PROTEINS on
RBCs
ABO System…
Antibodies (agglutinins ) in plasma are considered
naturally occurring; that is produced without any
known exposure to Antigen.
Agglutinins are gamma globulins, as are almost all
antibodies, produced by bone marrow and lymph gland
cells .
Agglutination process in Transfusion
Reactions
 If a person administered blood of incompatible type
so that anti-A or anti-B plasma agglutinins are mixed
with red blood cells that contain A or B agglutinogens.

 This causes the cells to clump, which is the process of

"agglutination."
Agglutination
Rh Factor
If your blood does contain the
Rh protein, your blood is said
to be Rh positive (Rh+)

If your blood does NOT

contain the Rh protein, your
blood is said to be Rh
negaitive (Rh-)
 Blood Transfusion
Indications of blood transfusion:-
1. Loss of blood.
2. Blood disease.
3. Severe Anaemia.
4. Erythroblastosis foetalis.
Precautions Of Blood transfusion:-
•Blood Typing.
•Major Cross Matching.
•Hb content of transfused blood is not <90%.
•Free from infectious diseases.
•Fresh non frozen blood <21days storage, stored at
4ºC.
Cross matching:
This is done by performing the following two tests:

Test Donor Recipient

1 RBCs + Plasma (Major Cross Match)

2 Plasma + RBCs (Minor Cross Match)

no agglutination means the blood samples are

compatible and blood transfusion can be made
safely.
Complications Of Incompatible Blood Transfusion

Blockage of blood capillaries caused by agglutination RBCs 

joint pain and anginal pain.

Haemolysis, which leads to:

1. Release of histamine →↓ABP→ shock.
2. Release of K→ hyperkalamia.
3. Release of Hb →bilirubin →jaundice.
4. Release of Hb→ precipitation of Hb as hematin crystals
in renal tubules blocking them.
5. 1 & 4 can lead to Acute renal failure.
Rh factor is of particular medical
important
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Prevention
When Rh-ve female
delivers Rh+ve foetus, anti- D
antibodies are given to her
immediately after delivery to
neutralize D antigen of the
Rh foetal cells to prevent
sensitization of the mother.

Treatment
Replacement of the blood of
the baby with Rh-ve O blood.
(Exchange transfusion)
Procedure:
Divide a clean glass slide into three equal divisions using
a glass marking pencil, then label these divisions anti-A,
anti-D and anti-B respectively.

A D B
Place a drop of anti-A serum, anti-D
serum, and anti-B serum in the
respective divisions.

A B D
Prick a finger with a sterile lancet, and add one drop of
blood to each anti-serum. With the help of a clean wood
stick, mix the blood & anti-sera thoroughly. Use separate
wood sticks for separate sera.

A D B
- Clumped red cells give a coarse reddish granular
appearance.

- Microscopic examination may be carried out for the confirmation of

agglutination.
Examples…