Police
Photography
By
MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
4th Place, Criminologists Board
Exams, October 1996, Manila
ANSWE
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4. A light tight box, with a
means of forming the image
(lens), holding sensitized
materials (film holder), and
with a means of controlling
the amount of light that
reach the film.
a. Shutter
b. Aperture
c. Camera
ANSWE
d. Lens melcon s. lapina, mscr
5. The best way to determine the
entire coverage of the camera is
to look behind the lens of the
camera. In this manner, the
object can be framed properly
and recorded on the film. This
type of camera eliminates the
problem on parallax error.
a. Single-Lens Reflex
b. Twin-Lens Reflex
c. Press Type Camera
d. ANSWE
Viewfinder Type melcon s. lapina, mscr
6. The difference between the
image seen by the viewing
system and that recorded on the
film. Problems occur as the
subject moves closer to the
taking lens when using Twin-
Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras.
a. Aberration
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
ANSWE
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7. The object to be
photographed looks double
when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
b. Rangefinder
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type
ANSWE
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8. Functions much like the iris
of the eye—it controls the
effective diameter of the
lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens
ANSWE
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9. A lens with one convex and
one concave side is convex-
concave.
a. Biconcave
b. Biconvex
c. Meniscus
d. Plano-Convex
ANSWE
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10.A lens aberration in which
off-axis light rays focus at
different distances when
they pass through different
areas of the lens.
a. Astigmatism
b. Chromatic aberration
c. Spherical aberration
d. Coma
ANSWE
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11. Lens with focal lengths
greater than 50mm.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens
ANSWE
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12. Thematerial necessary to
produce a positive print is
a. Sensitized paper
b. Film
c. Emulsion
d. Filter
ANSWE
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13. A homogenous medium,
which absorbs and
transmits differentially light
rays passing through it.
a. Sensitized paper
b. Filter
c. Film
d. Emulsion
ANSWE
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14. A part of this
electromagnetic spectrum
that creates the sensation of
light when it falls on the
human eye.
a. Visible light
b. UV light
c. X-rays
d. Infrared light
ANSWE
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15. It is impenetrable to light.
a. Transparent
b. Translucent
c. Fluorescence
d. Opaque
ANSWE
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16. Object in open space casts a
deep and uniform shadow
a. rainy sunlight
b. bright sunlight
c. hazy sunlight
d. dull sunlight
ANSWE
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17. Theprocess of removing
unexposed silver halides
remaining in the emulsion
after the first stage of
development of the latent
image.
a. stop bath
b. fixation
c. development
d. washingANSWE
and drying
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18. A developer for film.
a. Dektol
b. D-76
c. Hypo
d. Glacial acetic acid
ANSWE
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melcon s. lapina, 19
19. The
so-called camera in
reverse.
a. Contact printer
b. Enlarger
c. Projector
d. Magnifier
ANSWE
R
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20. Photographs
are being used
in police work to deter
would-be offenders in
committing crime.
a. Identification purposes
b. Recording actions of
offenders
c. For crime prevention
d. Public information
ANSWE
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1. He was able to obtain camera
images on papers sensitized
with silver chloride solution in
1816. He invented a
photographic process which he
called “heliography,” meaning
“writing of the sun.”
a. John Frederick William
Herschel
b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
c. Louis Jacques Mande
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PERSONALITY CONTRIBUTION
Joseph Nicéphore Heliography – writing of sun.
Niépce
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerreotype – photograph
Daguerre on silver or silver-covered
copper plate; positive image.
Fixation is permanent by hypo.
William Henry Fox Calotype – paper negative with
Talbot light sensitive compounds on
surface. Fixation is partial.
John Frederick William Coined photography. Applied
Herschel terms negative and positive to
photography.
Frederick Scott Archer Collodion process – preceded
modern gelatin emulsion.
Richard Leach Maddox Lightweight gelatin negative
plates
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 23
PERSONALITY CONTRIBUTION
Alhazen (Ibn al- Described camera obscura.
Haytham)
Josef Maximilian Designed first lens specifically
Petzval for photographic use
Geronimo Cardano Fitted biconvex to camera
obscura.
Thomas Sutton Patented first single-lens
reflex.
Johann Christoph Produced lens for use in first
Voigtländer all-metal unitized camera.
Daniel Barbaro Suggested use of diaphragm to
sharpen image.
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
Proceed to Next Question
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7. The object to be
photographed looks double
when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
TOPIC: Control of Camera
b. Rangefinder
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type
Type Description
Rangefinder For viewfinder, instamatic camera
Type and 35mm cameras: 1.
coincidence – object appears
double when out of focus; 2. split
– object appears split when out of
focus.
Ground Glass Object appears blurred when out
Type of focus.
Scale Bed Focusing is made by calculating
Type or estimating distance of object to
be photographed. Focusing ring is
adjusted to corresponding
estimated
Proceed distance.
to Next Question
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 37
8. Functions much like the iris
of the eye—it controls the
effective diameter of the
lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens
which
Light Balance
Filter
absorbs
to change the color quality of
exposing light in order to secure
and
transmits differentially
proper light
color balance for artificial
light films.
rays passing
Color to change through
over-all colorit.
balance of
Compensating photographic result obtained with
a.
Filter Sensitized
color paper
films & to compensate for
deficiencies in quality of exposing
b. Filter
energy.
c. Film
Neutral Density when light is too bright to allow use
Filter of desired f-number or shutter
d. Emulsion speed with particular film.
Polarizing to reduce or minimize reflections on
Filter subjects like water glass, & highly
polished surfaces.
Proceed to Next Question
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Light: Its Characteristics &
Sources
A Examples
Light
White:
Light:
14. part
Light
travels
Photographic
form in is
ofOF
presence
BENDING
Measured
of of
traveling
straight
Diffraction
LIGHT
electromagnetic this
linelike
Rays at
in
energy;ofof all
explained
Type in: wavelength,
Subtype
wave,
nanometers; e.g. frequency
Description
ripples
1nm = &
in
1
electromagnetic
186,000
colors.
Modern
1.Closely spacedPhotography spectrum
miles/second.
Visible
energy. Specular or tracks
Reflecting on CD
surface -9–
thatDVD
However, surface
billionth
creates
when the of water.
of meter
sensation
light comes of(10 in
Light
or Regular act as
very diffraction
smooth
X-rays
Black: absence
meters).
Parts:
Reflecti Reflection
light
contact when
with it1
1.
object,of
to
fallsall
30
Crestsit –colors
nm
onpeaks,
may thebe
grating
Wavelengt
on to form familiar
or absence
Diffuse2.
Ultra-Violet
human
bended 400
ineye. of
Troughs
–
following light.
700 –
nm
30rough
to valleys
or Reflecting
400
manner:
surface –
nm
rainbow
h Irregularpattern we see
or when
granular
Rays Wavelength
Reflection
Visible light – distance
looking at
a.
Refracti Change
disk;
between
in twoof wave due to
direction
b. UVchange
light
Visible
on
2.Hologram Lightin speed400 to 700
(picture
consecutive peaks (or that
c. X-rays
Observed when wave passes from one
changesmedium
troughs)
when nm
looked at from
to another
d. Infrared light
different
Infrared angles)
Greek of on
symbol: credit
letter λ
obstacles700 to
Diffract Apparent bending waves around
ion small (lambda) and spreading out of
card;Proceed to Next Question
waves past small openings.
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Kinds of Objects
15. It is impenetrable
TOPIC: Kinds to light.
of Objects Light
Kind Description
May ComeAllows
in Contact
a. Transparent w/
light to pass through;
Transparent
b. Translucent
objects object on other side may be
clearly seen.
c. Fluorescence
Translucent Allows light to pass but
d. Opaque
objects sufficiently diffused; objects on
other side may not be clearly
distinguished. Some may be
recognizable but detail and
outline are obscured. Ex. Opal
glass, ground glass, & oiled paper
Opaque Divert/absorb light, but allow no
light
objects Proceed to Question
to Next pass through. Ex. Thick
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Object
Natural in of
Types
16.FORENSIC open
Artificial
Light OFspace
Dull
LIGHT
Light
Source
SOURCES casts a
Sunlight
Source
SOURCES
(by
LIGHTSunlight)
deep
1.Natural
1.Bright
1.Cloudy andLight
Artificial uniform
Objects
light shadow
Moonlight,
Objects in
in
sourcesopen space
open most
1.UV
SourceLamp
Sunlight
bright
TOPIC:castSources
lightning,
space a
cast
of
starlight,
deep
no and
a. rainyto
useful sunlight
police work are
2.LASER – Light Light
sunlight,
uniform
shadow oretc.distinct
Amplification
but objects
FORENSIC
2.Artificial LIGHT
b. bright sunlight
shadow.
Light SOURCES.
Man-made; divided
through at far distance
Source
Stimulated
into: 1. continuous
are
hazy sunlight
2.Hazy
Emission
c. Objects
clearly
of in open space
visible.
Radiation.
radiation and 2.
Sunlight cast a transparent
d. dull sunlight
2.Cloudy
3.AlternativeObjects
Light in
short open
duration.
Sources
shadow.
dull space cast not
3.Dull Objects
shadow in andopen space
visibility
Sunlight cast no shadow.
of distant objects are
already
Proceed to Next limited.
Question
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The
Film process
Processing:
Chemical
Equipment
Development
17.
This ofHow
Processing
DEVELOPMENT
topic for Film
STOP-BATH removing
Done
of Film
Processing
FIXATION
discusses about –
Salts Used in Fixation
1.B
a. unexposed
Tank
&W
Carried
1.Black
CHEMICAL or tray
&out Reducing
Whitein silver
f. Timer
trays, halides
exposed
tanks,
Development,
PROCESSING silver
or
of
conversion
Purpose:
Purpose:
Most
Emulsion
b.Developing
remaining
mechanized
removes
common
halide
reel to of
unexposed
halt
salts
crystals
g.Funnel
in into
equipment. themetallic
latent
silver
the
used:
emulsion(black
Processing
halide
FILM. remaining
silver) stop-bath,
on Photographicand
silver.
development
image
(1)
c. Opener
filmafter the
or in
sodium
for
photographic
Panchromatic film
(Same
of
emulsion
first the
paper.
fixation.
materials
reaction stage film,
into
thiosulfate
h.Photographic
–ishandled
found of
in
plate,
cartridge
visible
Effects:
a.k.a.
in total or
(1)
darkness.
development
2.Color paper
(pliers)
image.
leaves
hypo
photographic
of by
sponge
behind
& either
reduced
papers.)
the
Development, latent(2)
d.Scissors to cut i. Film
metallic silver forming image, (2) clips for
washing
2.Color
image.
ammonium
Blue films,
Processing
the
makes tongue of
off
Developed
the
film replaced
developing
thiosulfate,
orthochromaticsilver films
stop-fix,
drying
insensitive and
to further
is
Emulsion with cyan, yellow,
chemical
and
film printing
a. stop
commonly
action bathor magenta
neutralizing
papers
andused
by light. –
stabilizer.handled
indye.modern it.
under
Without
e. a safelight.
Thermometerfixing: j. remaining silver
glass or plastic
b. fixation
rapid(1)
halide fixer formula.
quickly bottles
darkens(gallon
& (2)
c. development
causes severe foggingsize) for storing
of image.
d. washing
Proceed toand drying
Next Question
mixed solutions.
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This
Typical
Typical
D-76
DEKTOL takes
STOP-BATH
FIXING
18. Component
Fixing
Film
BATHup the
Formula:
– Developer
Paper
A developer formulation
FORMULA
for of
Developer
formula
film.
1.
1. Water
Water
0
5252 C 0or
C
0
125
or F - 0600
125 F -
Developer:
of
ml developer,
a.Stop-bath
stop-bath
Water can be plain water
Dektol and
500
fixer.
2.
2. ml
1.Solvent
750
only mlwith (water)
Dissolving
Hypo 28%agent
- glacial
240 gmacetic
b. D-76
2.
3. Elon
Sodium
2.Developing
acid.
2.
3. Elon sulfite
Preservative -- 311
agent -2 gm gm gm
15
c. Hypo
(anhydrous)
3.
3.
4. Hydroquinone
3.Preservative
Neutralizers
Hydroquinone - 12
-- 480 5
4. Glacial
Acetic Acid (28%)
acetic acid
gm
ml
d.
4.Accelerator
gm 5.
4. Hardeners
Sodium or
Sulfiteactivator
- 4.5
5. Boric Acid (crystals)- 7.5
5.Restrainer
gm
gm 4. Sodium Sulfite - 100
gm 6.
5. Potassium
Sodium alum
carbonate - - 15
gm
5. (fine
67.5 Borax
gmgranular) (granules) - 2
gm 6. Water
7. Potassium
to make bromide
Proceed to Next Question
- -1 li1
gm 6. Water to make -
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1 li 60
This
19. TheTypesso-called
EQUIPMENT camera
FOR PAPER
of Photographic
topic deals in with
DEVELOPING
Printing
1. Three plastic trays Photographic
reverse.
1.Contact – 4. Timers
photographic
one each for printing.
the
Printing materials are exposed
a. Contact printer
developer, stop-
by pressing in contact
bath, and the fixer.
b. Enlarger with the negative
(The size of the tray
is Projector
determined by
being reproduced.
c.
2.Projection
the largest prints The image in a
d. Magnifier
Printing
size). or negative is optically
2. Enlarging
Metal, plastic, or projected or enlarged
5. Paper cutter
bamboo tongonto a print material
preferably for
with exposure to
rubber ends to hold produce a picture
the prints. image. The main
Proceed to Next Question
3. Rubber (surgical) equipment
6. A bigger tray or is
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20.
ThisPhotographs are being about
topic discusses
GENERAL APPLICATION
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS used
in police ofwork
1.Identification
application to exhibits
5.For court
photography deter
to
1.Identification
purposes Photographs
would-be
police work. offenders in
2.Crime-Scene
2.Recording andPhotography
committing crime. 6.For crime
preserving of prevention
a. Identification purposes
evidences
b. Recordingand 7.Public
3.Discovering actions of
proving
offenders of information
evidences not
c. For crime prevention
readily seen by
d. Public
the information
naked eye.
4.Recording action 8.Police training
of offenders
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 62
CRIME
Crime
Types SCENE Scene
of
Overall
Crime Scene
Photographs
Photographs
PHOTOGRAP
Photo
AItOver-all
What
Camera crime
crime
is Nikon
Used: Log
HY
Case #: 02-01-0045Characteristics
scene
a written
scene
F2a
Date: January 13, 2002
Photographs
photo
record
Time: log
1830-1940
1. Exposed with wide- 4. Typically taken by
of
Hrs
photography
photos,
helps
Film eliminate
Type: ASA 400 canthe
detailing:
Evidence Establishing
angle lens
give:following
Scene:
shooting
3567 Wayland Dr.
from the
Photographer: SA Brown Film Roll #: 1
issues:
It seeks to establish
Administrative a visual
four corners
data. of the
Photographs crime scene.
record
of the
Identification,
What time the condition
photos wereof
the
Evidence
2. Documents
taken scene
the Close-Up
and inand
Orientation,
5. These
and
what the items
order.
and photographs
four
condition will
present
layout
What Phtographs
in scene
ofthey
the
Confusion it.
Issuesoften capture the
show.
as found. entire scene.
It
Other the
leads pertinent viewer details
from as
the
3. Eliminate issues of 6. Photographs from
deemed necessary.
overall
subsequent perspective vantage topointthecan
contamination (e.g. be taken if four
details
tracked of specific
blood, objects. are
photographs
movement of not sufficient.
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 63
items).
Shooting the Four
Corners
Photo # 1
Photo # 2
Crime Scene
Photo # 3
Photo # 4
Overall Overall
Photo #3 Photo #4
Overall Overall
Photo #1 Photo #2
Where is this
item in the
scene?
The blue
background by
itself might
indicate a
number
melcon s. lapina, mscrim of 67
Evidence Establishing
Example
Evidence Establishing
Photograph
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 68
Evidence Close-up
Photographs
Evidence close-up
photographs are exposed with
a "macro" lens (50mm, 55mm
or 105mm).
Their function is to allow the
viewer to see all evident detail
on the item of evidence.
You have to get close and fill
the frame with the evidence
itself.
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 69
Evidence Close-up
Example
Taken both
with and
without a scale
of reference.
Very important
when taking
photos of small
items, whose
detail may affect
another analysis.
Ensure a good
focus, make the
picture sharp.
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 71
Photograph
Methodology
1. Document the entire scene in-situ
as soon as possible using overall
photographs.
2. Photograph all fragile evidence as
soon as possible.
3. In the documentation stage,
photograph all known evidence
using evidence establishing and
evidence close-up photos.
4. As items are discovered in later
stages, return and document them
fully, including additional overall
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 72
Photograph
Methodology
5. Create photographs that fully
demonstrate the results of
additional examinations (e.g.
latent prints, bloodstain pattern
analysis, trajectory analysis).
6. Always use a film roll reference
card on the first shot of each roll
to demonstrate admin data.
7. Always use a crime scene photo
log.
Back
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Schematic Diagram of
TLR
Back
Back
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Schematic Diagram of
View of Press Type
Camera
Back
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Schematic Diagram of
Digital Camera
Back
Back
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Time Setting
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
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Orthochromatic Film
Back
Back
Back
- Differed
Sensitive:
Leaves:
Military
Infraredwhite
from
use:
skies:
fullplant
conventional
to
visual light
dark,lifespectrum
gray
vs.
almost
in
filmof
black;
by
lightit&records
how
infrared
camouflage
contrasted
infrared
images
against
reflected
spectrum white
IR energy
foliage &
white cloudsmelcon s. lapina, mscrim 97
Shutter
Back
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Contact Printing
4. Under
1.
2.
3. Place
Close
Cut negative
negatives
contact
safe lighting,
into
printer
in rows
strips
place
& on
expose
photo
oftop
sixof
paper
toor
paper,
light.
size
in
fitting from
contact
emulsion
(Light onto
printer.
side
1
enlarger
pc
down.
Emulsion
of photographic
may do)
side uppaper.
(Usu. shiny
side) Back
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8. Set
1.
2.
3.
REMEMBER:
4.
5.
6.
7. Open
W/
Turn
Under
Stop
Set
Get
main
timer,
enlarger
aperture
safe
down
masking
sharp
lights
&Other
lighting,
make
off
lens
to
on,
Make focus
widest
adjustments
&exposure.
easel
place
place
to
raise/lower
test of
medium
setting
negative
piece
to image:
strip should
of
to
enlarger
into
setting:
photo
allow
first: be
negative
(1)lots
under
paper
head
f.8.
of
find
holder,
desired
light
safe
to
raising/lowering
Otherwise,
into
get
masking
lighting.
through.
correct
control
(3)
desired
shiny
print
Enlarging
exposure
side
size.
easel.
exposuresize
saveadjustments.
paper
lens
up
of image
time, time: too quick
(2) check contrast& hard
level, to
&
Back
Back
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 101
Light Balance Filter
Back
Back
Diffuse or
Irregular
Reflection
Back
Specular or Regular
Reflection
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Refraction
The straw
seems to be
broken, due to
refraction of
light as it
emerges into
the air.
Back
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Diffraction Grating
Back
Back
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Transparent Object
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Barrel Distortion
Back melcon s. lapina, mscrim 125
Pincushion Distortion
Back
Back
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Short Duration (Flash
Unit)
Flash bulb – burning metallic
wire
Electronic flash – burning
electrical discharge through
gas-filled tube
Back
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Steps in Film Processing
Back
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Circle of Confusion
Back
Concept:
Limit
Ak.a. Largest
UNACCEPTABLE
circle ofblur
we start spot indistinguishable
maximum
noticing things or ACCEPTABLE
confusion from
getting blurry
SHARPNESS point source
melcon being rendered
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