Evolusi PD Tumbh-Rendah
Evolusi PD Tumbh-Rendah
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Selama lebih dari 3 miliar tahun pertama
sejarah bumi, permukaan bumi ini dimulai dari
koloni di tanah tumbh darat
memiliki diversifikasi sekitar 290.000 spesies hidup
• Tumbh suplai oksigen dan merupakan sumber
utama dari makanan hewan darat
• Tumbh darat berevolusi dari ganggang hijau
Charophyta merpk kerabat terdekat tumbh darat
• kloroplas menunjukkan Charophyta sbg kerabat
terdekat dari tumbh darat
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 29-1
Bukti Morfologi dan Molekuler
30 nm
Fig. 29-3
Coleochaete orbicularis, a
disk-shaped charophyte that
also lives in ponds (LM)
40 µm
Fig. 29-4
Red algae
ANCESTRAL
Viridiplantae
ALGA Chlorophytes
Streptophyta
Charophytes
Plantae
Embryophytes
Berasal Sifat Tanaman
n n
Spore Gamete
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
2n Zygote
Mitosis
Sporophyte
(2n)
Alternation of generations
Fig. 29-5b
Embryo
2 µm Maternal tissue
Wall ingrowths 10 µm
Placental transfer cell
(outlined in blue)
Embryo (LM) and placental transfer cell (TEM)
of Marchantia (a liverwort)
Spora berdinding diproduksi dalam sporangia
Spores
Sporangium
Longitudinal section of
Sphagnum sporangium (LM)
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Archegonium
Female gametophyte with egg
Antheridium
with sperm
Male
gametophyte
Apical meristem
Shoot 100 µm of root Root 100 µm
Fig. 29-6
(a) Fossilized spores
(b) Fossilized
sporophyte tissue
• Spesies leluhur memunculkan keragaman yg luas
• Tumbh darat dapat dikelompokkan
berdasarkan ada atau tidak adanya jaringan
vaskular
• Kebanyakan tumbh memiliki jaringan pembuluh,
ini merupakan tumbh vaskular
• tumbh Non vascular biasanya disebut bryophyta
• Tanaman vaskular tanpa biji :
- Lycophyta (lumut)
- Pterophyta (pakis)
- Tumbh vaskular tanpa biji yg paraphyletic dg
tingkat biologis yg sama
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• biji adl nutrisi embrio dan dikelilingi oleh lapisan
pelindung
• Tumbh berbiji membentuk 2 kelp:
- Gymnospermae, termasuk tubh berbiji terbuka,
termasuk konifer
- Angiospermae, tanaman berbunga
(bryophytes)
plants
Nonvascular
Liverworts
Land plants
ANCES- 1 Hornworts
TRAL
GREEN
ALGA
Mosses
Vascular plants
Lycophytes (club mosses,
plants
vascular
Seedless
spike mosses, quillworts)
2 Pterophytes (ferns,
horsetails, whisk ferns)
Seed plants
Gymnosperms
3
Angiosperms
“Bud”
Male
Key
gametophyte
Haploid (n) (n)
Diploid (2n) Protonemata
(n) “Bud”
Spores Gametophore
Spore Female
dispersal gametophyte (n)
Rhizoid
Peristome
Sporangium
MEIOSIS Seta
Mature Capsule
sporophytes (sporangium)
Foot
2 mm
Sperm
“Bud” Antheridia
Male
Key
gametophyte
Haploid (n) (n)
Diploid (2n) Protonemata
(n) “Bud”
Egg
Spores Gametophore
Spore Female Archegonia
dispersal gametophyte (n)
Rhizoid
Peristome
Sporangium FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS Seta (within archegonium)
Mature Capsule
sporophytes (sporangium)
Foot
2 mm
Sperm
“Bud” Antheridia
Male
Key
gametophyte
Haploid (n) (n)
Diploid (2n) Protonemata
(n) “Bud”
Egg
Spores Gametophore
Spore Female Archegonia
dispersal gametophyte (n)
Rhizoid
Peristome
Sporangium FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS Seta (within archegonium)
Zygote
Mature Capsule
(sporangium) (2n)
sporophytes
Foot Embryo
Archegonium
Young
2 mm
sporophyte
(2n)
Capsule with Female
peristome (SEM) gametophytes
Fig. 29-8a
2 mm
Capsule with
peristome (SEM)
Fig. 29-9a
Gametophore of
Thallus female gametophyte
Sporophyte
Foot
Seta
Capsule
Marchantia polymorpha, (sporangium)
a “thalloid” liverwort
500 µm
Marchantia sporophyte (LM)
Fig. 29-9b
Plagiochila
deltoidea,
a “leafy”
liverwort
Fig. 29-9c
An Anthoceros
hornwort species
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Fig. 29-9d
Polytrichum commune,
hairy-cap moss
Sporophyte
Capsule (a sturdy
plant that
takes months
Seta
to grow)
Gametophyte
Ekologi dan Ekonomi Lumut
RESULTS
6
Annual nitrogen loss
4
(kg/ha)
0
With moss Without moss
Fig. 29-11
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Spore
MEIOSIS dispersal
Sporangium
Mature
Sporangium sporophyte
(2n)
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Fig. 29-13-2
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Spore Young Antheridium
Spore (n) gametophyte
MEIOSIS dispersal
Sporangium
Mature Sperm
gametophyte
(n) Archegonium
Egg
Mature
Sporangium sporophyte
(2n) FERTILIZATION
Sorus
Fiddlehead
Fig. 29-13-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Spore Young Antheridium
Spore (n) gametophyte
MEIOSIS dispersal
Sporangium
Mature Sperm
gametophyte
(n) Archegonium
Egg
Mature
Sporangium sporophyte New
Zygote
(2n) sporophyte FERTILIZATION
(2n)
Sorus
Gametophyte
Fiddlehead
Transport in Xylem and Phloem
•
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Evolusi akar dan daun
Overtopping
growth Megaphyll
Vascular tissue Sporangia Microphyll
Typically a Eggs
Sporangium Single
bisexual
on sporophyll type of spore
gametophyte Sperm
Microsporangium Male
Microspore Sperm
on microsporophyll gametophyte
Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants
Isoetes Strobili
gunnii, (clusters of
a quillwort sporophylls)
Selaginella apoda,
a spike moss
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 29-15c
Isoetes
gunnii,
a quillwort
Fig. 29-15d
2.5 cm
Strobili
(clusters of
sporophylls)
Vegetative stem
Strobilus on
fertile stem
25 cm
1.5 cm
2.5 cm
Fig. 29-15f
Athyrium
filix-femina,
lady fern
25 cm
Fig. 29-15g
Equisetum
arvense,
field
horsetail
Vegetative stem
Strobilus on
fertile stem
1.5 cm
Fig. 29-15h
Psilotum
nudum,
a whisk
fern
2.5 cm
• Lycophyta raksasa berkembang selama
jutaan tahun di rawa-rawa lembab
• Spesies yang masih hidup adalah
tanaman herba kecil
n n
Spore Gamete
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
2n Zygote
Mitosis
Haploid
Sporophyte
Diploid
1 Alternation of generations 2 Apical meristems
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
2n Zygote
Mitosis
Haploid
Sporophyte
Diploid
Alternation of generations
Fig. 29-UN4b
Apical meristem Developing
of shoot leaves
Apical meristems
Fig. 29-UN4c
Archegonium Antheridium
with egg with sperm
Multicellular gametangia
Fig. 29-UN4d
Sporangium Spores