Presenting By

KIRAN CHAVAN
(M.tech Structural Engg)
 GEOLOGY
Greek Earth To study

Geology = The study of Earth

1.1. Interior Of Earth (R- 6370 kms)
The Crust
solid and uppermost layer
Th - 5 kms, For ocean 35 kms
Silica and alumina
Conrad discontinuity

The Mantel
TH- 2900
Separated by Moho discontinuity
Denser rocks

The Core
Gutenbreg discontinuity
Th – 2200 kms
Inner and Outer core
lehamans discontinuity
1.2. Purpose of study of geology In civil engineering
For a civil engineering project to be successful, the engineers must
understand the land upon which the project rests.

Geologic Factors affecting

•Location
•Design
•Construction
•Operation
•Maintenance
1.3. Branches Of geology
1. Mineralogy
2. Petrology
3. Structural Geology
4. Physical Geology
5. Engineering Geology
A. Mineralogy
Is the study of minerals

Physical properties of minerals

1. Colour
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Cleavage
5. Fracture
6. Hardness
7. Form
1. Colour
When different wavelengths of visible light are incident upon the eye they
are perceived as being of different colors.

2. Streak
Streak is the color of a mineral substance when it has been ground to a
fine powder.
3. Luster
Minerals may be categorized according to whether they are opaque or transparent. A thin
section of an opaque mineral such as a metal will not transmit light, whereas a thin section of a
transparent mineral will.
i. Metallic
ii. Sub-Metalic
iii. Vitreous
iv. Admantine
v. Pearly
vi. Silky
vii. Resinous
viii. Dull
Metallic – Galena Sub-metallic- Hematite
Admantine -Transparent cerussite Vitreous – Quartz
Pearly - Muscovite Silky - Asbestos
Resinous – Sphlaerite Dull - Kaolin
4. Hardness
Hardness has traditionally been defined as the level of difficulty with which a smooth
surface of a mineral specimen may be scratched.

1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10. Diamond
5. Cleavage
A cleavage plane is a plane of structural weakness along which a mineral is likely to split
smoothly in definite direction. Cleavage thus refers to the splitting of a crystal between two
parallel atomic planes..

1. One set - Muscovite

2. Two set – Potassium Feldspar
3. Three set –Calcite
4. Absent - Amphibole

Two set – Potassium Feldspar Three set –Calcite

Absent - Amphibole
6. Fracture
A mineral fractures when it is broken or crushed. Fracture takes place when a mineral
sample is split in a direction which does not serve as a plane of perfect or distinct cleavage.

1. Conchoidal fracture - Glass

2. Even fracture – Flint, Chalcoperite
3. Uneven fracture - Magnetite
4. Hackly fracture – Native Copper

Chalcoperite
Garnet

Native Copper
B. Petrology
The study of rocks.
- Aggregate of Minerals

Three basic rock types:

igneous - form from magma/lava

eg. - Basalt

sedimentary – Erosion,Transportation,Deposition

metamorphic – Formed by change in Temp,

Pressure and Chem. Active Fluid.
Igneous rock
Characteristics

Classification of igneous rock

Classification based on mode of occurrence

1. Volcanic - Baslt Volcanic - Basalt

2. Hypabyssal - Dolerite
3. Plutonic - Gabbro

Hypabyssal - Dolerite Plutonic - Gabbro

2. Sedimentary rock
Characteristics

•weathering
•Erosion
•Transportation
•Deposition
•Compaction

Classification
1. Clastic
i. Rudaceous - Conglomerate
ii. Arenaceous - Sandstone
iii. Argillaceous – Mudstone
2. Non-Clastic
i. Residual - laterite
ii. Chemically formed – Carbanates- Limestone, Salts-
iii. Organically formed – Shale, Coal
 3. Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed when preexisting rocks are trance formed into
new rocks by heat, pressure and chemical active fluid.

Temperature- Geothermal gradient (30ºc/km)

Pressure – directional and uniform
Chemical active fluid – Magmatic water
2. Structural Geology
It is branch of geology which deals with the study an interpretation
Of the architecture or the structural features of the rocks.

Terms in structural geology

1. Outcrop
2. Strike
3. Dip
4. Folds
5. Faults
6. Joints
7. Unconformities
1. Outcrop
Exposed surface of rack

2. Strike
It shows in north south or east west direction

3. Dip
Tilting of bed with horizontal surface
4. Folds

When crustal rocks are subjected to stress over period of time.

Types
a. Anticline
b. Syncline
c. Symmetrical
d. Asymmetrical
e. Isoclines

5. Fault
The fracture at which relative movement has taken place is
called a fault.
• Fault plane
• Hanging wall and foot wall.
• Types
a) Normal fault
b) Reverse fault
c) Strike-slip fault
6. Joints
It is development of regular or irregular fractures due to tensional or compression
forces in which no relative displacement occur are called joints

Types
a) Sheet Joints
b) Columnar Joints
c) Bedding joints
d) Tension Joints
e) Shear Joint
Physical Geology
Physical geology is the study of the earth's rocks, minerals, and soils and how they
have formed through time

•Weathering
•Soil-
1. Sandy soil
2. Silty soil
3. Clay soil
4. Peaty soil
5. Saline soil
3. Earthquake
An Earthquake is a sudden movement within the curst of the earth, caused by
abrupt and disturbances within its interior.

Focus – Point within the earth where earthquake

originates

Epicenter – Point in earth vertical above the focus.

Isoseismic lines – These are the imaginary lines joining

points on the earth’s surface, which have the same
earthquake intensity.
3.1. Causes of earthquake
1. Landslides
2. Volcanic activity
3. Faults
4. Plate tectonic

3.2. Elastic Rebound Theory

The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how
energy is spread during earthquakes. As rocks on
opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and
shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform
until their internal strength is exceeded.
3.3. Recording of the seismic waves

•Seismograph – The earthquake waves detected

by a sensitive instrument.

•Seismogram – The graph on which waves are

recorded
3.4. Earthquake waves

1. Primary waves or P-waves

First wave generated in earthquake.
passes through all medium ( Liquid, solid ad gas).
Velocity - 5 to 7 km/sec.
longitudinal waves.

2. Secondary waves or S-waves

Generated in perpendicular direction
Passes through only solids.
Velocity – 2/3rd of P-waves.
Transverse waves.

3. Surface waves - Love-waves and Rayleigh wave

Transmitted on only on earth surface.
3.5. Intensity and magnitude of earthquake

3.5.1. Intensity – It is a qualitative strength earthquake

3.5.2. Magnitude of earthquake

The magnitude of earthquake is a measure of the energy released

during an earthquake.
Physical evidence of the displacement in the rock.
F. Richter in 1935.
3.6. Geological effects of earthquake
1. In developed or unbraided area.
2. Morphological changes
3. Damage in coastal areas
4. Tsunamis
5. Damage in mountainous regions.
3.7. Earthquake resistance structure

Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to withstand earthquakes.

While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal
of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during
seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.

Codes
IS 1893-2002 Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures
IS 13920 – Ductile Detailing