Chapter 5

TRANSFORMER
Contents
• What and why Transformer?
• Basic Principle of Transformer.
• Construction type.
• Equivalent circuit.
• Losses in Transformer.

Functions of transformer:
• Raise or lower voltage level
• Isolate circuit from each other
• Increase or decrease the apparent value of
a capacitor, inductor or resistor
• Enable to transmit electrical energy over
great distances
• Distribute safely in homes and factories
Definition:
• A transformer is a static
machine which step voltage
up or down
• Unlike in rotating machines,
there is no electromechanical
energy conversion
• The transfer of energy takes
place through the magnetic
field and all currents and
voltages are AC.
Transformer category:
 The ideal transformers
 Practical transformers
 Special transformers
 Three phase transformers
Transformer info:
 Step-up : Vsource < Vload
 Step-down: Vsource >Vload
 Basic Principle of Transformer
1. It has a CORE
2. Containing TWO WINDINGS. One coil is
called the primary coil, Np. The other coil
is called the secondary coil, Ns.
4. The secondary voltage, Vs
depends on the ratio of turns on
the secondary coil, Ns to turns
on the primary coil, Np as

3. The electromotive force (EMF) induced in Vs Ns

the primary and secondary coil is called the 
Primary voltage, Vp and Secondary voltage, Vp N p
Vs, respectively.
Flux,  Core
Primary winding
Secondary winding

I1 I2
AC Np Ns AC Load
Supply Vp Vs
 Basic Principle of Transformer
Flux,  Core Secondary winding
Primary winding

Ip Is

AC Np Ns AC Load
Supply Vp Vs

1) When the primary coil, N1 is connected to a source of a.c voltage, the

changing current, I1 will flow in the conductor.
2) When the current flowing in the turn Vp , then the varying magnetic field is
created. Then, the varying magnetic field is carried through the core to the
secondary coil.

3) In the secondary coil, the varying field induces a varying electromotive

force (EMF), Vs according to Faraday’s Law.
 Basic Principle of Transformer
In an ideal transformer, the electric power delivered to the secondary circuit, Ps
equals the power supplied to the primary circuit, Pp.

Pp  Ps V p I p  Vs I s

In practical, a transformer will be less than 100 % efficient. The factors of

energy loss in a transformer are :

i) the resistance in the coils causes heat loss.

ii) leakage in magnetic flux caused by inefficient flux linkage.
iii) loss of electrical energy as heat due to the eddy current in the
core of the transformer.
 Construction Type of Transformer
1. Two types of construction a) core-type
b) shell-type

2. The core type transformer used 3. The shell type transformer

in power transformer with high where the coil are winding
current where both arms of the on center section of
core are wounded. the transformer.

Three phase core

type
transformer

core type transformer

Leakage and Efficient Transformer

1. Useful flux ,o is linked with both windings and remaining winding
constant in value at all loads.

2. Leakage flux, (1 and 2 ) is half of which is linked with the primary
winding and half with secondary, and its value is proportional to the load.

3. How to reduce leakage flux, (1 and 2 ) ??

a) Making the transformer’s ‘window’ long and narrow.

b) Arranging the primary and secondary windings concentrically.
c) Sandwiching the primary and secondary windings.
d) Use shell type construction.
 Transformer: Equivalent Circuit

R1 X1 I’2 R2 X2

Equivalent Circuit I1 Io I2
IC Im
V1 E1 E2 V2 ZL
RC Xm

where
R1 = primary winding resistance R2 = secondary winding resistance
X1 = primary leakage inductance X2 = secondary leakage inductance
Rc = core loss resistance Xm = magnetization reactance
 Transformer: Equivalent Circuit
Transformer under ideal conditions
Pinput = Poutput or V 1 I1 = V 2 I 2
I1 I2 I1

V1 V2 Z V1 aV2 a2Z

N1 : N2

We know that Finally,

V1 I 2 N
  1 a Z 
V1
V2 I1 N2 I1
 a 
thus, the relationship for V1, V2, I1 and I2   aV2   
 I2 
I2 V 
I1  V1  aV2  a2  2 
a  I2 
 a2Z
Transformer: Equivalent Circuit
R1 X1 I’2 R2 X2

I1 Io I2
IC Im
V1 E1 E2 V2 ZL
RC Xm

Voltage equation at secondary

E2 = V2 + I2Z2 where Z2 = R2 + jX2

Voltage equation at primary

V1 = E1 + I1Z1 where Z1 = R1 + jX1

Current equation at primary

I1 = I0 + I2’
 Transformer: Equivalent Circuit
1. An equivalent circuit shall be simplified by referring to the primary or secondary.
2. Equivalent circuit is referred to the primary.

I’2 R1 X1 R’2 X’2

I1
Io I1

IC Im
V1 V’2
RC Xm

Where R’2 = a2R2 , V’2 = aV2 , X’2 = a2X2 ,

I’2 = I2/a, a = N1/N2
 Transformer: Equivalent Circuit
3. Equivalent circuit is referred to the secondary.

I2 R’ X’ R2 X2
I’1
1 1
Io I1

IC Im
V1’
V2
R’C X’m

Where R’1 = (1/a)2R1 V’1 = (1/a)V1 , R’c = (1/a)2Rc , X’1 = (1/a)2X1 ,

I’1 = aI1
X’m = (1/a)2Xm , a = N1/N2
Transformer Losses:
(1) Hysteresis
(2) Eddy Current
 Transformer Losses: (1) Hysteresis
1. If an alternating magnetic field is applied to the material, its magnetization
will trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop.

Gradient of the graph

Magnetic Flux Induction

is permeability, µ

External Magnetic Field

2. When driving magnetic field drops to zero, the ferromagnetic material

retains a considerable degree of magnetization.

3. This is useful as a magnetic memory device.

Transformer Losses: (1) Hysteresis

Hard Ferromagnetic Material Soft Ferromagnetic Material

Transformer Losses: (1) Eddy Current
1. Power can be loss in core when the flux density changes rapidly
in the core.

2. Current will be induced in the patch because of the time variation

of flux enclosed by the patch.

3. The eddy current will flow around the patch.

Eddy current, I

4. Because core material has resistance, R a power loss (P=I2R)

and appear as heat in the core.
Exercises
 Example 1
A transformer has 500 turns at the secondary. The transformer is supplied with a 200
V voltage. How many turns are needed at the primary winding to produce:

a) 100V b) 200V and c) 400 V at the load.

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 Example 2

A 250 kVA, 11000 V/400 V, 50 Hz single

phase transformer has a 80 turns on the
secondary. Calculate:
1. The approximate values of the primary
and secondary current;
2. The approximate number of primary
turns;
3. The maximum value of the flux

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 Final Equivalent Circuit

The previous equivalent circuit can be further

simplified to provide easier calculation by
neglecting the magnetization branch.
I1 RS1 XS1 I’2 = I2/a I’1=aI1 RS2 XS2 I2

V1 V’2 = aV2 V’1 = V1/a V2

Where RS1 = R1 + R’2 Where RS2 = R2 + R’1

XS1 = X1 + X’2 XS2 = X2 + X’1

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 Example 3
Figure shows a single phase transformer 50
Hz 11000V/415V to supply to the load. Draw
the final equivalent circuit by referring to
primary and secondary for this transformer
15 35 I’2 0.6 0.5

I1 Io I2

IC Im
V1 E1 E2 V2 ZL
200 150

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 Example Problem
A not-quite-ideal transformer having 90 turns on the
primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected
to a 120 V, 60 hz source. The coupling between the
primary and the secondary is perfect but the
magnetizing current is 4 A. Calculate:
a. The effective voltage across the secondary
terminals
b. The peak voltage across the secondary terminals.
c. The instantaneous voltage across the secondary
when the instantaneous voltage across the primary
is 37 V.
Ans: 3000V, 4242 V, 925 V.
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 Example Problem
An ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and
2250 turns on the secondary is connected to a 200 V,
50 Hz source. The load across the secondary draws a
current of 2 A at a power factor of 80 per cent lagging.
Calculate :
a. The effective value of the primary current
b. The instantaneous current in the primary when the
instantaneous current in the secondary is 100 mA.
c. The peak flux linked by the secondary winding.

Ans: 50 A, 2.5 A, 10 mWb.

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