(7 every minute) • Injuries - 0.44 million (annual) • Fatalities ~ 86,000 (annual) - 240 (daily) - 1 (every 6 minute) Major Problems • Mixed Traffic Fast Moving Slow Moving • Preponder ance of old / poorly maintained Goods vehicles Major Problems (Contd.) • User Attitude Public apathy Poor respect for traffic rules Low level of awareness Lack of driving culture Enforcement Measures • Operation and Maintenance Contract • Highway Patrolling • Modern Tools – Interceptor Vans – Breathalyzers • Motor Vehicles Act Amended – Speed and Weight limits – Carrying of the Hazardous material • Seat belt in car/ Helmet for 2-wheelers • Driver Licensing system computerized • Speed Governors for Public Transport Buses Basic approach for safe Design • Safety cautious planning • Incorporation of Safety Features in design of new roads • Improvement of safety aspects of existing roads • Improvement of road network at hazardous location Basic Considerations of design • Visibility • Self explaining • Takes care of the needs, mistakes and vulnerability of road users • Limitation of severity of impact Main areas of design consideration • Proper survey and investigation • System’s approach to cater to all categories of road users • coordination of horizontal alignment and vertical profile • Proper design of intersections • Good drainage system • Rehabilitation of existing weak bridges, culverts Accident Prone Locations On Highways • Urban Stretches • Intersections • Poor Geometrics – Sharp Curves – Steep Gradients – Inadequate Site Distances – Sudden Change/Obstruction in Driving Path – High Embankments – Narrow Culverts/Bridges • Construction Zones • Railway Level Crossings Safety Devices and Measures • Traffic Signs • Pavement Markings • Well Designed Intersections Layouts • Control on Speeds • Bus Stop and Laybys • Facilities for Pedestrians and Cyclists • Lane Dividers and Median Barriers • Delineators • Safety Fences and Barriers • Lighting • Service Roads • Rest Areas • Traffic Management Major Accidents Causes on Hill Roads • Negotiating Sharp Curves with Sub Standard Radius • Inadequate Sight Distance in Sharp Curves • Alternating Entry from Major Valley into Side Valley • Narrow Bridges/Causeways • Negotiating Steep Grades and High Altitudes Safety on Hill Roads • Liberal Geometric Standards as per Specifications • Adequate Traffic Signs for Warning, Caution, Information • Appropriate Road Markings • Protective Structures (Parapet, Delineator, Boulder Nets, Safety Barriers/Railings, Snow Shades) • Provision of Gate System on Crucial Section • Adequate Drainage System • Enforcement of Traffic Discipline, Rules Key Geometric Characteristics of Road Design Related to Safety 1. Traffic Lanes 2. Shoulders 3. Median 4. Vertical Alignment 5. Horizontal Alignment 6. Road Side 7. Traffic Control 8. Miscellaneous – Continuity and Uniformity – Coordination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Horizontal Alignment • Horizontal curvature to be consistent with the design speed • Road Signage or markings or physical barriers for potential unsafe overtaking sites having inadequate sight distances • Large radius for horizontal curvature • Avoid sharp curves Vertical Alignment • Stopping sight distance on all vertical curves should be provided • Avoid sharp hidden dips on long straight sections Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignments • Horizontal and vertical alignments to complement each other • All points where horizontal and vertical curvatures change be coincident • Clear warning to drivers for situations ahead • Better co-ordination of the horizontal and vertical alignments Safety in Curve Design • Realign to Requisite Radius • Entries, Super-elevation up to Maximum Permissible • Extra Width on Curves • Blind Curves and Hair Pin Bends could be Widened (Preferably 2 Lanes) • Provision of Parapets/Railings/Safety Barriers at Dangerous Locations • Provision of Adequate Signs (Edge Markings) New Initiatives • Safety Audit on about 50% of completed Golden Quadrilateral sections • Low cost counter measures being planed • Training of Trainers for dissemination road safety manual • Introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)