The Birth of The Water Tuber Boiler and

Christened as Steam Generator

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Generation of Unlimited Hopes for Development…..

 The Crisis

• As industry developed during 19th century, so the use of

boilers for raising steam became widespread.
• Disastrous explosions sometimes occurred.
• Boilers of that period consisted of heated pressure vessels
of large diameter.
• These are subject to internal pressure which is tensile
stresses in the walls of the enclosure.
• The existence and importance of stress, known as ‘hoop
stress’ is given by

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 Historical Development
• 1766 William Blakey: Patent on water in tube and fire outside.
• Several tubes alternately inclined at opposite angles were arranged in the
furnaces, the adjacent tube ends being connected by small pipes.
• The first successful user of water-tube boilers, however, was James
Rumsey, an American inventor, celebrated for his early experiments in
steam navigation, and it is he who may be truly classed as the originator of
the water-tube boiler.
• In 1788 he patented, in England, several forms of boilers, some of which
were of the water-tube type.
• One had a fire box with flat top and sides, with horizontal tubes across the
fire box connecting the water spaces.
• Another had a cylindrical fire box surrounded by an annular water space and
a coiled tube was placed within the box connecting at its two ends with the
water space. This was the first of the "coil boilers".
• Another form in the same patent was the vertical tubular boiler, practically
as made at the present time.
 John Stevens, 1804
• The first boiler made of a combination of small tubes, connected at one end to
a reservoir, was the invention of another American, John Stevens, in 1804.
• This boiler was actually employed to generate steam for running a steamboat
on the Hudson River, but like all the "porcupine“ boilers, of which type it was
the first, it did not have the elements of a continued success.
 1805 : John Cox Stevens
• Another form of water tube was patented in another form of water tube was
patented in 1805 by John Cox Stevens, a son of John Stevens.
• This boiler consisted of twenty vertical tubes, 1” internal diameter and 40’’
long, arranged in a circle, the outside diameter of which was approximately 12
inches, connecting a water chamber at the bottom with a steam chamber at the
top.
• The steam and water chambers were annular spaces of small cross section and
contained approximately 33 cubic inches.
 Julius Griffith, in 1821
• The first purely sectional water-tube boiler was built by
Julius Griffith, in 1821.
• In this boiler, a number of horizontal water tubes were
connected to vertical side pipes, the side pipes were
connected to horizontal gathering pipes, and these latter in
turn to a steam drum.
 1822, Jacob Perkins
• In 1822, Jacob Perkins constructed a flash boiler for carrying what was then
considered a high pressure.
• A number of cast-iron bars having 1’’ annular holes through them and
connected at their outer ends by a series of bent pipes, outside of the furnace
walls, were arranged in three tiers over the fire.
• The water was fed slowly to the upper tier by a force pump and steam in the
superheated state was discharged to the lower tiers into a chamber from which it
was taken to the engine.
 Joseph Eve, 1825
• The first sectional water-tube boiler, with a well-defined circulation, was built
by Joseph Eve, in 1825.
• The sections were composed of small tubes with a slight double curve, but
being practically vertical, fixed in horizontal headers, which headers were in
turn connected to a steam space above and a water space below formed of
larger pipes.
• The steam and water spaces were connected by outside pipes to secure a
circulation of the water up through the sections and down through the external
pipes.
 John M'Curdy
• In the same year, John M'Curdy of New York, built a "Duplex Steam
Generator" of "tubes of wrought or cast iron or other material" arranged in
several horizontal rows, connected together alternately at the front and rear
by return bends.
• In the tubes below the water line were placed interior circular vessels closed
at the ends in order to expose a thin sheet of water to the action of the fire.
 Stephen Wilcox, 1856

• Stephen Wilcox, in 1856, was the first to use inclined water tubes
connecting water spaces at the front and rear with a steam space
above.
• Water-cooled enclosures.
 Struggle for Understanding First Law of Steam
Generation
• 1803 John Stevens: A pseudo-water-tube design used in a steamboat.
• 1822 Jacob Perkins: Once-through boiler using cast iron bars.
• 1856 Stephen Wilcox: Inclined tube boiler with water-cooled
enclosures.
• 1880 Allan Stirling: Bent tube connecting drums.
 The Theory of Producing Steam
• Water boils and evaporates at 100°C under atmospheric pressure.
• By higher pressure, water evaporates at higher temperature - e.g. a pressure
of 10 bar equals an evaporation temperature of 184°C.
• During the evaporation process, pressure and temperature are constant, and
a substantial amount of heat are use for bringing the water from liquid to
vapour phase.
• When all the water is evaporated, the steam is called dry saturated.
• In this condition the steam contains a large amount of latent heat.
• This latent heat in the dry saturated steam can efficiently be utilised to
different processes requiring heat.
• The steam boiler or steam generator is connected to the consumers through
the steam and condensate piping.
• When the steam is provided to the consumers, it condensate.
• It can then be returned to the feed water tank.