Voltage Transformer (VT / PT )

Voltage Transformers are manufactured

according to IS –3156 .
IS –3156 Part I :- General Requirement of VT .
IS –3156 Part II :- Requirement of Measuring VT
IS –3156 Part III :-Requirement of Protection VT
IS –3156 Part IV :-Capacitor Voltage
Transformer CVT
Design Principles :-

The Reactance of a Transformer Winding

depends on the magnitude of the Primary and
Secondary Leakage Magnetic Fluxes .
For a VT Leakage Flux is very low .
Voltage per Turn of the Winding is small .
The Reluctance of the core should be small .
Flux Density in the core is low ( 1.0 Wb / m2 )
 Voltage Transformer (VT / PT )
In a VT the full load current and the Exciting
Current are in the same order but in a Power
trans former the exciting current is 2% – 3 %
of Rated Current .
11 KV VTs are Three Phase Units.
66 KV and above single Phase units are used.
These are connected between Line and Earth.
The Secondary Voltage is always 110 V, or 110
/ √3.
Vector diagram of
Voltage Transformer.
Turns Ratio = Ep / Es
Voltage Ratio = Vp/ Vs
Phase Angle = θ
 Ratio and Phase angle Test
• For this purpose a source VT,
• a standard VT,
• Burden box,
• Ratio Comparator, are required.
Source PT. TEST PT STD PT

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

Burden
V

0- 400 Volt Ratio

Variac Comperator

Measurement of Ratio and Phase Angle Error of a 110 KV PT

 Limits of Error for Metering VT

Accuracy Class Voltage Ratio Phase Angle in

Error Minutes
0.1 + 0.1 +5

0.2 + 0.2 + 10

0.5 + 0.5 + 20

1.0 + 1.0 + 40

Voltage 80 % & 100 % ,Burden 25 % & 100 % 0.80 p.f. lag .

Limits of Error for Protection PT
Accuracy Class Voltage Ratio Phase Angle in
Error Minutes

3P + 3.0 + 120

5P + 5.0 + 300
 Specification of 110 KV PT
• Rated Primary voltage – 110 / √3. KV
• Rated Insulation level – 395/550KVp.
• Rated voltage factor – 1.2 continuous
• - 1.5 for 30 sec.
• Number of secondary – 2
• Rated secondary voltage- 110/√3, 110/√3.
• Accuracy class –
• Core I - 3P for protection – Burden 150, 200 VA
• Core II -0.2 Metering. - Burden 100.
Construction of VT :-
Dry Type VT :-
For 11 KV indoor application Dry Type VTs are used.
The Primary , Secondary / Tertiary Windings are
Encapsulated in Epoxy Resign .
The core is exposed to the atmosphere and it is
firmly clamped inside the panel .
Three Phase 11 KV PT
Single Phase 11 KV PT
 Construction of VT :-

• The Primary Winding is brought out through

11 KV HRC fuse and the terminal is bolted to
11 KV Bus Bar .

• The Secondary Winding is connected to a

Terminal Block and HRC fuse is provided for
the Protection of VT .
DRY TYPE VT
Oil filled VT s :- There are two types

Conventional Electromagnetic VT .

Electromagnetic Cascade VT .

Conventional Electromagnetic VT :-

These VT s are used in 66 KV and 110 KV

system
 Oil filled VT s
• These VTs are Oil filled , Hermetically
sealed, Single Phase , Grounding type
suitable for effectively earthed system .

• The core is made with CRGO steel & has

rectangular shape

• Primary & Secondary Windings are

Enameled Copper wire.
Constructional details of EHV VTs.
There are two types.
1) Conventional Electro Magnetic .
2) Electro Magnetic Cascade Type.

This Figure shows a 145 KV

Conventional PT.
It has a conventional Transformer in
the bottom Tank.
Primary and Secondary windings are
assembled in the tank.
HV Lead is taken through a Bushing.
 Electro-Magnetic Cascade VT :-

This Type of VT consists of more than one

core coil assembly units stack one above the
other, a lower base , a hollow porcelain and an
expansion chamber .
Primary Winding ( P ):- Each Magnetic core
having windings on opposite limbs .
The Primary Windings of each Core is
connected in series.
Connection Diagram
of a 400 KV
Cascade VT

C –Coupling Winding

P – Primary Winding

S –Secondary Winding
 Electro-Magnetic Cascade VT

• Coupling Winding ( C ) :- The coupling

winding connected in pairs between stages
reduces the leakage reactance between the
primary and secondary winding .
• It ensures the equal distribution of voltage
in the Primary winding.

• Secondary Winding ( S ) :- It consists of a

single Winding on the last stage only .
220 KV Voltage Transformer
220 KV Cascade VT
1) Base
2) Terminal Box
3) Terminal Board
4) Earth Terminal
5)Hollow Porcelain .
6) Expansion Chamber .
7)Oil Level Sight Window
8)Primary Terminal
9Core
10)Core Clamp
11)Secondary Winding
12)Primary Winding
Terminal Marking of VT :-
The Terminal Marking shall identify the Primary and
Secondary Windings , the Winding sections .
 TESTS ON POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS
• 1. Construction and Dimension check.
• 2. Insulation resistance measurement .
• 3. Power frequency test on secondary
windings.
• 4. Ratio error and phase angle error
measurement.
• 5. Power-frequency Tests on Primary
Windings.
 Power frequency test on
secondary windings
• Power frequency voltage is applied
between the terminals of the secondary
winding connected together and earth for one
minute.
• Terminals of all other secondary windings
and primary winding should be connected
together and earthed.
• Test voltage is 2 kV rms for all windings.
 Ratio error and phase angle error
measurement.
• The ratio error and phase angle error of PT is
compared with a standard PT of known ratio
error and phase angle error with the help of ratio
comparator.
• The ratio error in percentage and phase angle
error in minutes are obtained directly from the
comparator.
• The standard PT error is added to this reading to
obtain the actual ratio and phase angle error.
 Ratio and Phase angle Test
• For this purpose a source VT,
• a standard VT,
• Burden box,
• Ratio Comparator, are required.
Source PT. TEST PT STD PT

A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2

Burden
V

0- 400 Volt Ratio

Variac Comperator

Measurement of Ratio and Phase Angle Error of a 110 KV PT

 Limits of Error for Metering VT

Accuracy Voltage Ratio Phase Angle in

Class Error Minutes
0.1 + 0.1 +5

0.2 + 0.2 + 10

0.5 + 0.5 + 20

1.0 + 1.0 + 40

Voltage 80 % & 100 % ,Burden 25 % & 100 % 0.80 p.f. lag .

Limits of Error for Protection PT
Accuracy Voltage Ratio Phase Angle
Class Error in Minutes

3P + 3.0 + 120

5P + 5.0 + 300
 Insulation Level
Nominal Highest One Minute Impulse
System Equipment Power Withstand
Frequency
Voltage KV Voltage KV Voltage KV
Voltage KVp

11 12 28 75

33 36 70 170

66 72.5 140 325

110 145 275 / 230 650 /550

220 245 460 / 395 1050 / 950

400 420 630 1425

 High voltage Tests on Primary Windings.

• The test voltage shall be applied between

the terminal of the primary winding and
earth.
• The applied voltage is 100 Hz or 200 Hz.
• Duration of test = Twice the rated frequency X 60
Test frequency.

60 Seconds for 100 Hz and 30 Seconds for 200 Hz.

Testing of 245 KV Bushing.
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer

CVT s are single phase units, connected in HV

net works between Line and Ground .
CVT is used for HV Metering ,Protection, and
as a Coupling Element for Carrier
Communication System.
CVT Consists of Capacitor Voltage Dividers
and a Transformer .
 Basic Diagram of C V T
C 1 – Primary Capacitance
C 2 – Secondary Capacitance.
L - Compensating Coil .
Tr – Intermediate Transformer
Z b –Damping Impedance
N –Earth Terminal of Trans.
HF –Carrier Coupling Terminal
a-n - Metering Winding
da –dn Protection Winding
400 KV CVT
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
• Capacitor unit Consists of a number of
series connected flat elements (OIL-
IMPREGNATED PAPER, and ALUMINIUM
FOIL ).
• The capacitor units are oil filled and
hermetically sealed .
• The Primary Voltage Rating of
Transformer Tr = 10 /√ 3 or 25/√ 3 KV
 1. Capacitor Unit

2. Transformer Unit.
 The Capacitor Unit.
• The capacitor unit consists of many flat
individual capacitor sections wound with
electrical grade polypropylene film,
sandwiched between ultra thin cellulose
paper.
• The electrodes of the capacitor are formed
by using high grade aluminium foil.
• The capacitor Sections are connected in
series and held together by means of
Insulated paper.
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
The purpose of Compensating Coil is to provide
Required Accuracy Class for Metering Coil .
The Damping Impedance is provided to
suppress the oscillations produced due to the
sudden change of operating conditions .
CVTs are more Economical than
Electromagnetic VTs.
But loss of accuracy and wave form distortion
during abnormal conditions are the
disadvantages.
Coupling
Capacitor for
Carrier
Communication.
Pre –Commissioning Tests & Checks : -
1) Insulation Resistance Measurement :-
I R Value HV to Earth (Bottom tank ) – 2 KV Megger
I R Value HV to Secondary - 2 KV Megger
I R Value Secondary to Earth - 500 Volt Megger .
Pre –Commissioning Tests & Checks : -

2) Ratio Test : Apply 400 Volts in the H V side and

check the voltage at the Secondary side using Volt
Meter.
3) Polarity and Terminal Markings with the Name
Plate .
4) Phase sequence in three Phase VT
5) Check the Earthing of HV Terminal,
6) Rating of Secondary Fuse .
Case Study

1) Explosion of 245 kV SF6 CB

2) Explosion of 220 kV PT.

3) Arcing of OLTC TS contact.