Dr.

Faisal Iqbal
 Osseous tissue, a specialized form of dense connective tissue
consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)

 Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercellular substance

 Bone matrix contains collagen fibers and the minerals calcium

phosphate and calcium carbonate
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
 It gives characteristic form to the human body.
(preservation of form)
 It gives protection to number of vital structures.
 It provides a surface for attachments of tendons, muscles
and ligaments
 They possess the activity of ERYTHROPOIESIS. i.e long bones,
vertebrae and ribs
 They act as stores of Calcium and phosphorus.
 They help to maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
• Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Spine
• Rib cage

• Appendicular Skeleton
• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs
• Shoulder girdle
• Pelvic girdle
 Long bones
 Short bones
 Flat bones
 Irregular bones
 Pneumatized bones
 Sesamoid bones

(Short bones include sesamoid bones)

 Diaphysis – shaft
 Epiphysis – expanded ends
 Shaft has a
 medullary cavity
 a nutrient foramen directed away
from the growing end
 Example – humerus, radius,
ulna, femur, etc
 SHORT BONES:
 Are small and thick
 Their shape is usually cuboid, cuneifrom, trapezoid or scaphoid
 Ex – carpal and tarsal bones

 PNEUMATIC BONES:
 Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by epithelium
 Make the skull light in weight, help in resonance of voice, and act as air
conditioning chambers for inspired air
 Ex – maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc

 IRREGULAR BONES
 Have complex shapes
 Examples:

– spinal vertebrae
– pelvic bones
 Are thin with parallel surfaces
 Are found in the skull, sternum,
ribs and scapula
 Form boundaries of certain
body cavities
 Resembles a sandwich of
spongy bone
• Between 2 layers of compact
bone
 Resembling a grain of sesame in
size or shape
 Bony nodules found embedded in
the tendons or joint capsules
 No periosteum and ossify after
birth
 Related to an articular or
nonarticular bony surface
 Ex – patella, pisiform, fabella, etc
 The ends of a bone which ossify from
secondary centers
 It is the elongated shaft of a long bone
which ossifies from a primary center
 Made of thick cortical bone
 Filled with bone marrow
 Epiphysial ends of a diaphysis
 Zone of active growth
 Typically made of cancellous bone
 It separates epiphysis from the
metaphysis.
 Proliferation – responsible for
lengthwise growth of the long bone
 Epiphysial fusion – can no longer grow,
occurs at puberty
 Nourished by both epiphysial and
metaphysial arteries
 Strong dense – 80% of the
skeleton
 Consists of multiple osteons
(haversian systems) with
intervening interstitial lamellae
 Cortex of long bones.
 Medullla of long bones.

 Contains the bone marrow

 Role in erythrogenesis
 Osteoproginator cells from which osteoblasts and osteoclasts derived

 Osteo-Blasts Formation of bone

 Osteo-Clasts Resorption of bone

 Osteocytes Mature bone cells

 The process of bone formation - ossification
 All bones are of mesodermal origin

 Two types of ossification

1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification
 Embryonic Mesoderm forms membranes
 Osteoblasts lay down Osteoid (unmineralized bone)
 Ca-PO4 is then deposited and final bone is formed.

 Examples:

 Clavicle
 Ossification is the process in which cartilage is transformed/replaced into bone.
 There are 2 types of ossification centers :
 primary - mostly appear before birth
 secondary- mostly appear after birth
 Bone grows in these steps:
 1st a miniature model of HYALINE Cartilage develops.
 2nd osteoblasts secrete ground substance (osteoid)
 3rd calcium crystals salts are deposited to form bone.

 Example :
 Humerus
 Femur
Endochondral ossification
 Combination of membranous and endochondral osteogenesis

 Example :

 Temporal bone
 Occipital bone
End of Lecture