CH 5

Chapter 5.
Looping
1
Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
5.1 The Increment and Decrement
Operators
• ++ and -- are operators that add and subtract

one from their operands.
num = num + 1;
num += 1;
num++;
2
Program 5-1
// This program demonstrates the increment and decrement
// operators.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
int bigVal = 10, smallVal = 1;
cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal

<< " and smallVal is " << smallVal << endl;
smallVal++;
bigVal--;
Program continues…
3
Program continued from previous slide.

++smallVal;
--bigVal;
}
4
Program Output
bigVal is 10 and smallVal is 1

5
Program 5-2
//This program demonstrates the prefix and postfix modes of the
// increment and decrement operators.
void main(void)
{
int bigVal = 10, smallVal = 1;
cout << "bigVal starts as " << bigVal;
cout << " and smallVal starts as " << smallVal << endl;
cout << "bigVal--: " << bigVal-- << endl;
cout << "smallVal++: " << smallVal++ << endl;
cout << "Now bigVal is: " << bigVal << endl;
cout << "Now smallVal is: " << smallVal << endl;
cout << "--bigVal: " << --bigVal << endl;
cout << "++smallVal: " << ++smallVal << endl;
}
6
Program Output
bigVal starts as 10 and smallVal starts as 1

bigVal--: 10
smallVal++: 1
Now bigVal is: 9
Now smallVal is: 2
--bigVal: 8
++smallVal: 3
7
Using ++ and -- in Mathematical
Expressions
a = 2;
b = 5;
c = a * b++;
cout << a << “ “ << b << “ “ << c;
Results: 2 6 10
8
Using ++ and -- in Relational
Expressions
x = 10;
if ( x++ > 10)
cout << “x is greater than 10.\n”;
• Two operations are happening:
• the value in x is tested to determine if it is
greater than 10
• then x is incremented
9
5.2 Introduction to Loops - The while
Loop
• A loop is part of a program that repeats.

• A while loop is a “pre test” loop - the
expression is tested before the loop is
executed
while (expression)
statement;
10
Program 5-3
// This program demonstrates a simple while loop.
void main(void)
{
int number = 0;
cout << "This program will let you enter number
after\n";
cout << "number. Enter 99 when you want to quit the
";
cout << "program.\n";
while (number != 99)
cin >> number;
}
11
Program Output with Example Input
This program will let you enter number after number. Enter
99 when you want to quit the program.
1 [Enter]
2 [Enter]
30 [Enter]
75 [Enter]
99 [Enter]
12
Terminating a Loop
A loop that does not have a way of stopping is called

an infinite loop
int test = 0;
while (test < 10)
cout << “Hello\n”;
A null statement is also an infinite loop, but it does
nothing forever:
while (test < 10);
13
Programming Style and the while Loop
• If there is only one statement repeated by

the loop, it should appear on the line after
the while statement and be indented one
additional level
• If the loop repeats a block, the block should
begin on the line after the while statement
and each line inside the braces should be
indented
14
5.3 Counters
• A counter is a variable that is incremented

or decremented each time a loop iterates.
15
Program 5-4
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and
// their squares.
void main(void)
{
int num = 1; // Initialize counter
cout << "number number Squared\n";

cout << "-------------------------\n";
while (num <= 10)
{
cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl;
num++; // Increment counter
}
}
16
Program Output
number number Squared

-------------------------
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
17
Program 5-5
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10
and
// their squares.
void main(void)
{
int num = 0;
cout << "number number Squared\n";
cout << "-------------------------\n";
while (num++ < 10)
cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) <<
endl;
}
18
Program Output
number number Squared

-------------------------
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
19
5.4 Letting the User Control the Loop
• We can let the user indicate the number of

times a loop should repeat.
20
Program 5-6
// This program averages a set of test scores for multiple
// students. It lets the user decide how many.
void main(void)
{
int numStudents, count = 0;
cout << "This program will give you the average of

three\n";
cout << "test scores per student.\n";
cout << "How many students do you have test scores for? ";
cin >> numStudents;
cout << "Enter the scores for each of the students.\n";
cout.precision(2);
21
while (count++ < numStudents)

{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
cout << "\nStudent " << count << ": ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
}
}
22
This program will give you the average of three test scores per student.
How many students do you have test scores for? 3 [Enter]
Enter the scores for each of the students.
Student 1: 75 80 82 [Enter]
The average is 79.
The average is 86.67.
23
5.5 Keeping a Running Total
• A running total is a sum of numbers that

accumulates with each iteration of a loop.
The variable used to keep the running total
is called an accumulator.
24
Program 5-7
// This program takes daily sales figures over a period of
// time and calculates their total.
void main(void)
{
int days, count = 0;
float total = 0.0;
cout << "For how many days do you have sales figures? ";
cin >> days;
25
Program continues
while (count++ < days)

{
float sales;
cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": ";
cin >> sales;
total += sales;
}
cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl;
}
26
For how many days do you have sales figures? 5 [Enter]

Enter the sales for day 1: 489.32 [Enter]
The total sales are $2448.15
27
5.6 Sentinels
• A sentinel is a special value that marks the

end of a list of values.
28
Program 5-8
// This program calculates the total number of points a
// soccer team has earned over a series of games. The user
// enters a series of point values, then -1 when finished.
void main(void)
{
int count = 0, points = 0, total = 0;
cout << "Enter the number of points your team has earned\n";
cout << "so far in the season, then enter -1 when\n";
cout << "finished.\n";
29
while (points != -1)

{
count++;
cout << "Enter the points for game " << count << ": ";
cin >> points;
if (points != -1)
total += points;
}
cout << "The total points are " << total << endl;
}
30
Enter the number of points your team has earned so far in the
season, then enter -1 when you are finished.
Enter the points for game 1: 7 [Enter]
Enter the points for game 6: -1 [Enter]
The total points are 34
31
5.7 The do-while Loop and for
Loops
• In addition to the while loop, C++ also

offers the do-while and for loops.
• A do-while loop is similar to a while loop,
but in post-test format:
do
statement;
while (expression);
32
Program 5-9
//This program averages 3 test scores. It repeats as many times as
// the user wishes
void main(void)
{
int score1, score2, score3;
float average;
char again;
do
{
cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: ";
cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;
average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n";
cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) ";
cin >> again;
} while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y');
}
33
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]

The average is 80.
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) y [Enter]
Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 60 75 88 [Enter]
Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) n [Enter]
34
Program 5-10
// This program displays a menu and asks the user to make a
// selection. A switch statement determines which item the
// user has chosen. A do-while loop repeats the program until
// the user selects item 4 from the menu.
void main(void)
{
int choice, months;
float charges;
cout.precision(2);
35
do
{
cout << "\n\t\tHealth Club Membership Menu\n\n";
cout << "1. Standard Adult Membership\n";
cout << "2. Child Membership\n";
cout << "3. Senior Citizen Membership\n";
cout << "4. Quit the Program\n\n";
cout << "Enter your choice: ";
cin >> choice;
if (choice != 4)
{
cout << "For how many months? ";
cin >> months;
}
36
switch (choice)
{
case 1: charges = months * 40.00;
cout << "The total charges are $";
cout << charges << endl;
break;
break;
break;
37
case 4:cout << "Thanks for using this ";

cout << "program.\n";
break;
default: cout << "The valid choices are 1-4. ";
cout << "Try again.\n";
}
} while (choice != 4);
}
38
Health Club Membership Menu
1. Standard Adult Membership

2. Child Membership
3. Senior Citizen Membership
4. Quit the Program
Enter your choice: 1 [Enter]
For how many months 12 [Enter]
The total charges are $480.00
Health Club Membership Menu
1. Standard Adult Membership

2. Child Membership
3. Senior Citizen Membership
4. Quit the Program
Enter your choice: 4 [Enter]
Thanks for using this program.
39
The for Loop
• Ideal for situations that require a counter

because it has built-in expressions that
initialize and update variables.
for (initialization; test; update)

statement;
40
Program 5-11
// This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and
// their squares.
void main(void)
{
int num;
cout << “Number Number Squared\n";

cout << "-------------------------\n";
for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++)

cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl;
}
41
Program Output
Number Number Squared

-------------------------
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
42
Omitting the for Loop’s Expressions
int num = 1;
for ( ; num <= 10; num++)
cout << num << “\t\t” << (num * num) << endl;
43
Using initialization and update lists
You may need to perform more than one

statement in the initialization part of a for
loop. In that case, just separate the
statements with commas.
44
Program 5-12
// This program takes daily sales figures for one week
// and calculates their total.
void main(void)
{
const int days = 7;
int count;
float total;
for (count = 1, total = 0.0; count <= days; count++)
{
float sales;
cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": ";
45
cin >> sales;

total += sales;
}
cout.precision(2);
cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl;
}
46

The total sales are $3413.71
47
5.8 Other forms of the update
expression
• Incrementing the counter by something besides 1:
for(number = 2; number <= 100; number +=2)
cout << number << endl; // print the even numbers 2 –
100
• Going backwards:
for(number = 10; number >= 0; number--)
cout << number << endl; //count from 10 to 0
• A stand-alone for loop

//This one prints the integers from 1 to 10
for(number = 1; number <= 10; cout << number++)
• There are quite a few variations, try some of your

own!
48
5.8 Focus on Software Engineering:
Deciding Which Loop to Use
• The while Loop
• A pre-test loop.
• Use when you do not want the loop to iterate if the condition is false from
the beginning.
• Ideal if you want to use a sentinel.
• The do-while Loop
• A post-test loop.
• Use if you always want the loop to iterate at least once.
• The for Loop
• A pre-test loop.
• Automatically executes an update expression at the end of each iteration.
• Ideal for situations where a counter variable is needed.
• Used when the exact number of required iterations is known.
49
5.9 Focus on Software Engineering:
Nested Loops
• A loop that is inside another loop is called a

nested loop.
50
Program 5-13
// This program averages test scores. It asks the user for the
// number of students and the number of test scores per student.
void main(void)
{
int numStudents, numTests, total;
float average;
cout << "This program averages test scores.\n";

cout << "For how many students do you have scores? ";
cin >> numStudents;
cout << "How many test scores does each student have? ";
cin >> numTests;
51
for (int count1 = 1; count1 <= numStudents; count1++)

{
total = 0; // Initialize accumulator
for (int count2 = 1; count2 <= numTests; count2++)
{
int score;
cout << "Enter score " << count2 << " for ";
cout << "student " << count1 << ": ";
cin >> score;
total += score; // accumulate running total
}
average = total / numTests;
cout << "The average score for student " << count1;
cout << " is " << average << ".\n\n";
}
}
52
This program averages test scores.

For how many students do you have scores? 2 [Enter]
How many test scores does each student have? 3 [Enter]
Enter score 1 for student 1: 84 [Enter]
The average for student 1 is 86.

The average for student 2 is 91.
53
5.10 Breaking Out of a Loop
• The break statement causes a loop to

terminate early.
54
Program 5-14
// This program raises the user's number to the powers
// of 0 through 10.
#include <math.h>
void main(void)
{
int value;
char choice;
cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> value;
cout << "This program will raise " << value;
cout << " to the powers of 0 through 10.\n";
55
for (int count = 0; count < 10; count++)

{
cout << value << " raised to the power of ";
cout << count << " is " << pow(value, count);
cout << "\nEnter Q to quit or any other key ";
cout << "to continue. ";
cin >> choice;
if (choice == 'Q' || choice == 'q')
break;
}
}
56
Program Output
Enter a number: 2 [Enter]

This program will raise 2 to the powers of 0 through 10.
2 raised to the power of 0 is 1
Enter Q to quit or any other key to
continue. C [Enter]
Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. C [Enter]
Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. Q [Enter]
57
5.11 Using break in a nested loop
• The break statement below breaks out of the inner loop but NOT the outer loop
for(int row = 0; row < 5; row++)
{ //begin outer loop
for(star = 0; star < 20; star++)
{ //begin inner loop
…………// some statements
break;
…………// some more statements
} //end inner loop
} //end outer loop
58
5.11 The continue Statement
• The continue statement causes a loop to

stop its current iteration and begin the next
one.
59
Program 5-15
// This program calculates the charges for video
rentals.
// Every third video is free.
#include <iomanip.h>
void main(void)
{
int videoCount = 1, numVideos;
float total = 0.0;
char current;
cout << "How many videos are being rented? ";

cin >> numVideos;
60
do
{
if ((videoCount % 3) == 0)
{
cout << "Video #" << videoCount << " is free!\n";
continue;
}
cout << "Is video #" << videoCount;
cout << " a current release? (Y/N)";
cin >> current;
if (current == 'Y' || current == 'y')
total += 3.50;
else
total += 2.50;
} while (videoCount++ < numVideos);
61
cout.precision(2);
cout << "The total is $" << total;
}
62
How many Videos are being rented? 6 [Enter]

Is video #1 a current release? y [Enter]
Is video #2 a current release? n [Enter]
Video #3 is free!
Is video #4 a current release? n [Enter]
Is video #5 a current release? y [Enter]
Video #6 is free!
The total is $12.00
63
5.12 Using Loops for Input Validation
• Loops can be used to create input routines

that repeat until acceptable data is entered.
64
Program 5-16
// This program calculates the number of soccer teams
// that a youth league may create from the number of
// available players. Input validation is demonstrated
// with do-while loops.
void main(void)
{
int players, teamPlayers, numTeams, leftOver;
// Get the number of players per team.

cout << “How many players you wish per team?\n”;
cout << “(Enter a value in the range 9 - 15): ";
cin >> teamPlayers;
65
while (teamPlayers < 9 || teamPlayers > 15) // Validate input

{ cout << "You should have at least 9 but no\n";
cout << "more than 15 per team.\n";
cout << “How many players do you wish per team? “;
cin >> teamPlayers;
}
// Get the number of players available
cout << “How many players are available? “;
cin >> players;
while (players < 0) // Validate input
{ cout << "Please enter a positive number.\n";
cin >> players;
}
// Perform calculations
numTeams = players / teamPlayers;
leftOver = players % teamPlayers;
cout << "There will be " << numTeams << " teams with\n";
cout << leftOver << " players left over.\n";
}
66
How many players you wish per team?

(Enter a value in the range 9 – 15): 4[Enter]
You should have at least 9 but no
more than 15 per team.
How many players you wish per team? 12[Enter]
How many players are available? -142 [Enter]
Please enter a positive number: 142[Enter]
There will be 11 teams with 10 players left over.
67

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Chapter 5.

• ++ and -- are operators that add and subtract

cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal

cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal

bigVal is 10 and smallVal is 1

bigVal starts as 10 and smallVal starts as 1

• A loop is part of a program that repeats.

A loop that does not have a way of stopping is called

• If there is only one statement repeated by

• A counter is a variable that is incremented

cout << "number number Squared\n";

number number Squared

number number Squared

• We can let the user indicate the number of

cout << "This program will give you the average of

while (count++ < numStudents)

• A running total is a sum of numbers that

while (count++ < days)

For how many days do you have sales figures? 5 [Enter]

• A sentinel is a special value that marks the

while (points != -1)

• In addition to the while loop, C++ also

Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter]

case 4:cout << "Thanks for using this ";

Health Club Membership Menu

1. Standard Adult Membership

Health Club Membership Menu

1. Standard Adult Membership

• Ideal for situations that require a counter

for (initialization; test; update)

cout << “Number Number Squared\n";

for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++)

Number Number Squared

You may need to perform more than one

cin >> sales;

Enter the sales for day 1: 489.32 [Enter]

• A stand-alone for loop

• There are quite a few variations, try some of your

• A loop that is inside another loop is called a

cout << "This program averages test scores.\n";

for (int count1 = 1; count1 <= numStudents; count1++)

This program averages test scores.

Enter score 1 for student 2: 92 [Enter]

• The break statement causes a loop to

cout << "Enter a number: ";

for (int count = 0; count < 10; count++)

Enter a number: 2 [Enter]

• The continue statement causes a loop to

cout << "How many videos are being rented? ";

How many Videos are being rented? 6 [Enter]

• Loops can be used to create input routines

// Get the number of players per team.

while (teamPlayers < 9 || teamPlayers > 15) // Validate input

How many players you wish per team?

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