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Skin

• Largest organ (5/70kg),SA=2m2


• Categorised into thick(palm & sole) and thin skin
• Divided into
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous tissues
Function
I. Protective barrier from
Invading organism
Physical injuries or trauma
Uv rays
water
II. Regulate body temperature
III. Vitamin D synthesis
IV. Absorption and excretion
V. Sensation
VI. Non verbal commmunication
Epidermis
• Outermost layer, avascular
• Keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium
• Vary in thickness(thick and thin)
• Differentiated into(maturation) :
I. Stratum corneum
II. Stratum lucidum(seen in thick
skin)
III. Stratum granulosum
IV. Stratum spinosum
V. Stratum basale
Stratum basal

• Single layer of columnar or cuboidal keratocytes stem cells


• Mitotically active-migrated upwards
• Connected by hemidesmosomes(BM),desmosomes(each
other)
• Melanocytes-dense in face /exposed site/neural crest origin.
• Merkel cells-terminal filaments of cutaneous nerve (synaptic
junction) (touch sensation)
• Cytoplasm-neuropeptide granules,neurofilaments and
keratin
Stratum spinosum /Prickle cell layer/Suprabasal

• Several layers(5-10)of cuboidal ,polygonal and flattened cell


interconnected by Desmosomes(seen as prickle)
• Central euchromatic nucleus with small round nuclei.
• Tonofilament in cytoplasm(spinal projection)-adhesion for
adbrasion.
• Langerhan cell(antigen recognising cell-present T cells)
Stratum granulosum

• 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells with nuclei(only


superficial layer –no division)(more in thick skin)
• Contains kerato-hyaline granules(rich in phosphorylated
protein-filaggrin)
Binds to cytoskeleton keratin filament for architecture
• lamellar granules(rich in lipids and protein)
Produce cement seal the skin from being entered by
water and foreign body.(water proof)
Cutting the supply of nutrients-cell dead
Stratum lucidum

• Extremely thin layer of flattened eosinophilic cells


• Keratocytes densely packed with eleitin
• No nucleus and organelles,pale,indistinct boundaries
• Filaments and desmosomes retained.
Stratum corneum

• Dead and dying cells with keratin filled


• Desquamation or Exfoliation (by protease and lipase)
Dermis

• layer of skin beneath the epidermis(by


EBM)consists of connective tissue
0.2mm in eyelid
4mm in sole and palms
• cushions the body from stress and strain
• provides tensile strength and elasticity to the skin
through an ECM
collagen fibrils,
microfibrils, and
elastic fibers, embedded in proteoglycans
• Well supplied by:
a) Blood vessels
b) Cutaneous gland
c) Nerve endings

• Embedded with
a) Nails
b) Hair follicles
• Divide into 2 region:
• papillary region(adjacent to epidemis)
• reticular region(deeper)
Papillary region (papillae-finger Reticular region(dense C,E,R
liked) fibers)
• Loose aveolar connective • usually much thicker.
tissues,thin fiber • composed of dense
• Richly supplied by vessels irregular connective tissue
• The papillae provide  give the dermis its properties
the dermis with a "bumpy" of strength, extensibility,
and elasticity.
surface that interdigitates
• roots of the hair,sebaceous
with the epidermis,
glands, sweat
strengthening the connection
glands, receptors, nails,
between the two layers of
and blood vessels.
skin.
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous tissue
• lies below the dermis.
• consists of areolar loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue.
• attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle
• supplying it with blood vessels and nerves(insulin inj).
• main cell types
₰ fibroblasts,
₰ macrophages and
₰ adipocytes (the hypodermis contains 50% of body fat).
padding and insulation for the body.
Hairs/pili

• derived from the epithelium of the follicle


• hair bulb contains - A Specilaised area of the dermis called
the Hair papilla.
• has abundant blood vesels and myelinated and non-
myelinated nerve endings.
• Internal root sheath undergoes keratinisation to produce
the hair shaft.
• Sebaceous glands + erector pili Mucles =Pilosebaceous
apparatus
• 3 types • 3 layers(cross sections)
a) Lanugo a) Medulla
b) Vellus b) Cortex
c) Terminal hairs c) Cuticle

• 3 zones: • Layers of follicle:


a) Bulb a) Epithelial root sheath
b) Root b) Connective tissue root
c) Shaft sheath
• 3types
a) Lanugo
b) Vellus
c) Terminal hair

• 3 zones
a) Bulb
b) Root
c) Shaft
Associated structures

• Nerve fibers (hair receptor)


• Piloerector muscle
Function

• Thermoregulation
• Sensation-parasitic infestation
• Protective barrier
-uv in scalp
-guard hair in nostril,ear,eyelashes
• Recoginition
• Sign of sexual maturity and transmission of sexual
scent-pubic,axillary hair
• Non verbal communication in animal
Thank You!
Difference between Thick and Thin skin

Thick Thin
Epidermal layer thicker(0.6- Epidermal layer thinner(0.10-
4.5mm) 0.15)
Soles, toes ,fingers and palm Other than distribution of
thick skin
Presence of stratum lucidum Absence of stratum lucidum
No hair follicle Hair follicle presented
No sebaceous gland Sebaceous gland presentd
Thinner dermis Thicker dermis

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