Internal Combustion Engines

Heat Engine
 A heat engine changes heat energy into mechanical work.
 This concept is used in all engines, steam, gasoline, diesel, or petrol.
All heat engines operate using the
following 3 characteristics:
1. The absorption of heat energy from a
high temperature source.
2. The transfer of some of the heat energy
into mechanical work.
3. The release of heat energy into a cold
sink or reservoir.
QH = W + Q L
 QH is Thermal energy flowing from the
higher temperature.
 W is the mechanical work done.
 QL is Thermal energy flowing out at a
lower temperature.
 Classification of Heat Engine

Heat Engine

External Combustion Internal Combustion

Engine (EC Engine) Engine (IC Engine)
 External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)

An external combustion engine (EC Engine) is a heat engine where a

working fluid is heated by an external source. A steam engine is an
example of external combustion.
Generation of Electric Power with Steam
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)

The internal combustion engine (IC Engine) is a heat engine in which

the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel Eg; Petrol, Diesel, LPG
etc) occurs with in a combustion chamber (Engine cylinder).
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

 Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle

 Type of Fuel
 Number of Strokes
 Type of Ignition
 Number of Cylinders
 Position of the Cylinder
 Type of Cooling
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

 Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle

i. Otto Cycle Engine
ii. Diesel Cycle Engine
iii. Dual Combustion Cycle Engine
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

 Type of Fuel
i. Petrol Engine
ii. Diesel Engine
iii. Gas Engine ( CNG or LPG or biogas or Hydrogen etc)
 Number of Strokes
i. 2 – Stroke Engines
ii. 4 – Stroke Engines
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

 Type of Ignition
i. Spark Ignition (SI Engine)
ii. Compression Ignition (CI Engine)
 Number of Cylinders
i. Single Cylinder
ii. Multi-cylinder
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon
 Position of the Cylinder
i. Horizontal Engine
ii. Vertical Engine
iii. Radial Engine
iv. V – Engine
v. Opposite Cylinder Engine
 Type of Cooling
i. Air-Cooled Engine
ii. Water Cooled Engine
Parts of IC Engines
4 – Stroke Engine Model
4 – Stroke Engine Components
4 – Stroke Petrol Engine Working
4 – Stroke Petrol Engine Working
4 – Stroke Diesel Engine Working
4 – Stroke Diesel Engine Working
4 – Stroke Diesel Engine Working
2 – Stroke Petrol Engine
2 – Stroke Petrol Engine
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Four Stroke Engines

 Advantages
 Better control over the combustion process is possible due to
more control possibilities with valve and ignition timing.
 Better fuel efficiency for the same compression ratio
 Better control of exhaust emissions.
 Better mixing of the fuel with the air due to the separate
intake and compression cycle.
 Disadvantages
 Less power density than the two-stroke engine since there is
only one power stroke every two engine revolutions.
 More complex and expensive to manufacture.
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Two-stroke Engines
 Advantages
 2-stroke engines have one power stroke every revolution
hence they have a significantly better power density than the
4-stroke engine for the same power output.
 2-stroke engines do not use external valve mechanisms, thus
they have fewer moving parts and a much simpler, less
expensive construction.
 Overall the two-stroke machine is a powerful, low cost, very
simple, very light weight machine which is able to run at high
speeds.
 Lubrication by mixing the oil with the fuel avoids the use of
an oil sump and allows the engine to work in any orientation
making it suitable for portable power tools.
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Two-stroke Engines
 Disadvantages
 The two-stroke engine may have a greater power output, its
actual efficiency is less than the equivalent four stroke engine.
 Inefficient air- fuel mixing and inefficient scavenging leading to
incomplete combustion, inefficient use of the fuel and unwanted
exhaust emissions.
 Crank case pumping requires engine lubrication via oil mixed
with the fuel. Can result in less efficient lubrication as well as
unwanted burning of the lubrication oil during the combustion
process creating further pollution.
 (Note: The Diesel 2-stroke engine which breathes air and uses
conventional lubrication does not suffer from either of the above
two disadvantages.)
 2-stroke Diesel engines normally need superchargers to achieve
reasonable efficiency levels which adds considerably to the cost
& complexity & precludes them from low cost applications.
 Comparisons between Petrol and Diesel Engines

Petrol Engines
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

Diesel Engines
 Advantages
 Disadvantages