NEUROHISTOLOGY

DR. E. A. JALAL Ph.D

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Brain /Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
• Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
• Spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Substantia grisea
SUBSTANTIA GRISEA
& SUBSTANTIA ALBA

Substatia grisea

Substatia alba
NERVOUS TISSUE

NEURON (1)
Axon (4)

NEUROGLIA
Macroglia
Oligodendrocytes (2)
Astrocytes (5)
Microglia (7)
Ependymal cells (6)
Schwann cells (PNS)
Morphology of
Typical Motor Neuron

1. nucleus
2. perikaryon
3. cell body
4. axon
5. dendrite
6. Nissl body
7. axon hillock
8. myelin sheath
9. oligodendrocyte
10. Schwann cell
11. skeletal muscle cell
12. neuromuscular junction
TYPE OF NEURONES
SOMA (Neuronal cell body)

Cytoplasmic organelles
Substantia Nissl/tigroid
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Pigment
Neurofilament

CELL PROCESSES
Axon: single, long, (conducting
part)
Dendrites: many, (receiving part)
NISSL SUBSTANCE = rER
protein (polypeptide) synthesis
 packing and condensation protein to
GOLGI COMPLEX transport
 Other Cytoplasmic Organelles
 Mitochondria
- energy source for ion exchange (Na+-K+ exchange pump)
and axonal transport

 Lysosome
- hydrolytic enzymes --- waste products
- lysosomal storage disease (mental retardation, seizure)

Pigment Granules
Lipofuchscin granule, Melanin granule
Pigments

lipofuchsin
melanin
Neuron

PYRAMIDAL CELL
CORTEX CEREBRI

Bertz’s cell
PURKINJE CELLS
CEREBELLUM
MOTOR NEURONES
OF THE SPINAL CORD
GANGLION Agregation of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

SPINAL GANGLION
Pimary sensory
neurones
Pseudo unipolar
Satelite cells

SYMPATHETIC GANGLION
Multipolar
Smaller satelite cells

PARASYMPATHETIC
GANGLION
Terminal effector
neurones
Located near or
within effector organs
 Satellite (Capsular) Cell

neurons of autonomic ganglia were

completely encircles pseudounipolar
less completely surrounded by
neuron in spinal and cranial ganglion
satellite cell
NEUROGLIA
MACROGLIA: derived from
ectoderm

•Astocytes
Protoplasmic astrocyte
Occurs in gray matter
Surround blood vessels

Fibrous astrocyte

•Oligodendrocytes

MICROGLIA
Macrophage of the CNS
 Central Neuroglia

Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia

ASTROCYTE

Protoplasmic
astrocyte
MICROGLIA
OLIGODENDROGLIA
Ependymal Cell

Epithelial Cell
lining ventricular surface
cilia and microvilli on luminal surface
simple cuboidal cell with round nucleus
BLOOD-BRAIN
BARRIER

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Tight junction
No pinocytosis, no
fenesration
Enzymes which destroy
neurotoxic metabolites

ASTROCYTE foot
processes
Schwann Cell
(Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia)

Slender

Small heterochromatic

nuclei

Myelin forming cell in PNS

A Schwann cell
constitutes a internodal
segment

Surround many
Unmyelinated Axons
 Myelin

Structure of fast nerve conduction

Myelin Formation
NERVE FIBERS
NODE 0f
RANVIER
Synapse
SYNAPSE
Axon terminal
Synaptic vesicles
Presynaptic membrane

Synaptic space
Neurotransmitter

Dendrite
Post synaptic mambrane
Receptors
TYPE OF SYNAPSE
Composition of Peripheral Nerve

 Nerve Fiber
Myelinated Nerve Fiber
Axon, Myelin sheath, Schwann cell
Unmyelinated Nerve Fiber
Axon, Schwann cell

 Connective Tissue Sheath

Endoneurium
Perineurium – blood vessels
Epineurium
NERVE FIBERS AND
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NERVE FIBERS
NERVE ENDINGS
 Efferent Endings

Somatic Efferent Endings

Neuromuscular Junction
(Myoneural Junction, Motor End Plate)

Autonomic Efferent Endings

Endings on smooth muscle
and blood vessels
NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION
MOTOR END PLATE
NEUROMUSCULAR
SPINDLE

Stretch Receptor Organ

Responsible for the

regulation of muscle tone

Embedded in endomysium
or perimysium

Numerous in muscles
involved in fine, precision
movement
Autonomic Efferent Endings
Afferent Endings

 Encapsulated Endings
- Meissner’s Corpuscle
- Pacinian Corpuscle
(Corpuscle of Vater-Pacini)
- Genital Corpuscle
- Ruffini’s Ending
- End Bulb of Krause
- Golgi tendon organ: Proprioceptor
 Receptor
Endings

 Free nerve
ending

 Expanded
tip ending

 Encapsulated
ending
Merkel’s
Touch Corpuscle

 expanded tip ending

 Merkel cell
- clear cell located in the
basal layer of epidermis
- membrane bound electron
dense granules resembles
synaptic vesicle
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Pacinian Corpuscle
 Other Encapsulated Endings

End Bulb of Krause Genital Corpuscle Lingual Corpuscle

NERVE CELLS
REGENERATION

COLATERAL
SPROUTING
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