Energy

Cellular respiration: harvesting energy from fuel molecules

in the cell

Celluelar respiration:

* fermentation : partial degradation of sugars

* Cellular respiration/aerob respiration:

degradation of sugars in the presence of O2 and produce
energy stored in “high energcarier”, such as ATP and NADH

Series of redox reactions, transfering electron from fuel to

the most elctro negative electron acceptor (CO2) and
energy is released along the chain
Aerobic respiration : 3 steps

Glycolisis
Tricarboxylic acid cycle/ Kreb Cycle
Electron transport chain
* Occurs in cytosol (10 steos)

* 2G + 2NAD + 2P
2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2ATP

* GTP produced via substrate

phosphorylation

•It is highly regulated

•When ATP is abundant,

the process is feedback inhibited

*Key enzyme is Phosphofructose

kinase (early step of respiration).
Substrate phosphorylation
Pyruvate oxidation and TCA cycle
•Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

•Cyclic proccess of 8 reactions

•Very selected reactions

•GTP is substrate phosphyrylation

+
KreB cycle regulation
Intermediate of Kreb Cycle are substrate of other molecules biosynthesis
Fermentation
Anaerobe Respiration
http://plantphys.info/plant
_physiology/respire.shtml
 Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors

such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids
are converted to glucose.
Fasting requires all the glucose to be synthesized from
these non-carbohydrate precursors.
Most precursors must enter the Krebs cycle at some
point to be converted to oxaloacetate.
Oxaloacetate is the starting material for
gluconeogenesis
 Penthosa Phosphate Pathway
Significance :
PPP

An alternative pathway of NADPH generating

NADH is oxidized to rpoduce ATP

NADPH is used for anabolic processes

NADPH is also used to combat exidative stress:

H2O2 is converted to H2O

Provide 5-carbon intermediate products

functioning as substrate/components of biomolecules
such as DNA, RNA and Coenzyme

Provide 4Erytrosaphosphate that is used for such as:

aromatic amino cid biosynthesis, Lignin, antocyanin, flavonoid
Key enzyme of regulation:
G6P dehydrogenase that
is controled by
NADP+, and asetyl CoA, allosterically

and depends on the need of:

* NDPH
* Ribose 5 phosphate
* Erytrosa 4 P
* ATP