DIFFUSION

THE GASES PASS BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI AND THE BLOOD BY DIFFUSION, FLOWING FROM WHERE THE
PARTIAL PRESSURE IS HIGH TO WHERE THE PARTIAL PRESSURE IS LOW.
PO2 IN THE ALVEOLI IS HIGHER THAN IN THE BLOOD AND HENCE AIR CAN FLOW FROM THE ALVEOLI INTO
THE BLOOD.
PCO2 IN THE BLOOD IS HIGHER THAN IN THE ALVEOLI AND HENCE CO2 CAN FLOW FROM THE BLOOD INTO
THE ALVEOLI.
THE VOLUME OF GASES TRANSPORTED DEPENDS ON:
(A) THE SURFACE AREA OF THE ALVEOLI
(B) THE THICKNESS OF THE ALVEOLAR WALL.
WHEN OXYGENATED BLOOD REACHES THE TISSUE, O2 FLOWS FROM THE BLOOD INTO
THE TISSUE FLUID BECAUSE THE PO2 IN THE BLOOD IS GREATER THAN IN THE TISSUE
FLUID.
CO2 IS PRODUCED IN CELLS, FLOWING INTO TISSUE FLUID. PCO2 IN THE TISSUE FLUID
IS GREATER THAN IN THE BLOOD, AND THEREFORE CO2 FLOWS FROM THE TISSUE FLUID
INTO THE BLOOD.
GAS TRANSPORTATION
1. OXYGEN TRANSPORTATION
 NORMALLY 97% OF OXYGEN IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE LUNG TO THE TISSUE CELLS IN THE FORM OF BONDING
WITH HEMOGLOBIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS AND THE REST IS TRANSPORTED IN A SOLUBLE FORM IN THE BLOOD
PLASMA FLUID.
2. TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE FORM OF:
• DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE (7%)
• BICARBONATE ION (70%)
• BIND TO HB (CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN) (23%)
THE ORIGIN OF THE ACID-BASE THEORY
Lavoisier (1776) proposed an acid theory that
focused only on oxyic acids such as HNO3 and
H2SO4. whereas hydro-halide acids can not be
defined
 ARRHENIUS THEORY (1887)
Acid is a compound that releases H + in
water. Example:

Bases are compounds that release

OH- in water. Example:

Weaknesses: apply only to aqueous

solutions only.
BRONSTED-LOWRY TEORY (1923)
Acid: The compound which can give
proton (H +) / proton donor.
Bases: Acceptable compounds
proton (H +) / proton acceptor.
Reaction without Water Solvent
HCl(g) + NH3(g)  NH4+ + Cl-  NH4Cl(s)
Acid Bases

Reaction with Water Solvent

HCl(g) + H2O(aq)  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Asam Basa
NH4OH(g) + H2O(aq) NH4OH2+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Basa Asam
LEWIS TEORY (1916)

Acids: Compounds that can accept electron pairs BF3

Bases: Compounds that can provide electron pairs NH3

THE CONCEPT OF PH
REPRESENTS THE DEGREE OF ACIDITY / ALKALINITY OF A SOLUTION
PH SHOWS HYDROGEN ION ACTIVITY IN SOLUTION
INTRODUCED BY SØRENSEN (1909)
TO THE DEGREE OF BASICITY KNOWN AS POH
FORMULATED
PH = - LOG [H +] AND POH = -LOG [OH-]
DUE TO THE NEUTRAL WATER
Relationship [H +] with [OH-]
[H +] = [OH -] = 10-7 THEN
[H +] = [OH-] → neutral
PH = POH = 7 (NEUTRAL) [H +]> [OH-] → acid
[H +] <[OH-] → base
PH <7 OR POH> 7 IS ACIDIC
PH> 7 OR POH <7 IS ALKALINE
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PH CHANGE?

oCHANGES IN PH HAVE AN IMPACT ON CELLULAR METABOLISM.

oCHANGES IN PH LEAD TO IMPAIRED ENZYME ACTIVITY INVOLVED IN THE
METABOLISM TO PRODUCE ENERGY.
oIF IT HAPPENS TO THE MUSCLES, THEN THE ENERGY PRODUCED CAN
INTERFERE WITH THE MUSCLE'S ABILITY TO CONTRACT.
THE ACID-BASE BALANCE RELATIONSHIP IN THE
RESPIRATORY PROCESS
• THE RESPIRATORY CENTER IN THE BRAIN REGULATES THE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EXHALED BY
CONTROLLING THE VELOCITY AND DEPTH OF BREATHING. IF BREATHING INCREASES, BLOOD CARBON
DIOXIDE LEVELS DECREASE AND BLOOD BECOMES MORE ALKALINE.
• IF BREATHING DECREASES, BLOOD CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS RISE AND BLOOD BECOMES ACIDIC.
BY ADJUSTING THE RATE AND DEPTH OF RESPIRATION, THE RESPIRATORY AND LUNG CENTERS ARE ABLE
TO REGULATE BLOOD PH MINUTE BY MINUTE.
• THE PRESENCE OF ABNORMALITIES IN ONE OR MORE OF THE PH-CONTROL MECHANISMS, MAY CAUSE ONE
OF THE 2 MAJOR ABNORMALITIES IN ACID-BASE BALANCE : ACIDOSIS OR ALKALOSIS
1. ACIDOSIS CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN PCO IS CALLED
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
2.ALKALOSIS CAUSED BY A DECREASE IN PCO2 IS
TERMED RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
BUFFER SOLUTION
1. BUFFER SOLUTIONS ARE USED TO MAINTAIN CERTAIN PH VALUES SO THEY
DO NOT CHANGE MUCH DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
2. THE PH OF THIS SOLUTION IS RELATIVELY CONSTANT (UNCHANGED) BUT
CHANGES ONLY SLIGHTLY WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF SLIGHTLY
STRONG ACIDS OR STRONG BASES.
a. BUFFER HEMOGLOBIN
OXYGEN IS THE MAIN SUBSTANCE NEEDED BY THE BODY CELLS OBTAINED BY BREATHING.
OXYGEN IS BOUND BY HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD, WHERE O2 IS VERY SENSITIVE TO PH. THE
EQUILIBRIUM REACTION OCCURRING CAN BE WRITTEN AS FOLLOWS.
HHB+ + O2 ⇄ H+ + HBO2

b. CARBONDIOXIDE BICARBONATE BUFFER

CARBONATE BUFFER ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN BLOOD PH CONTROL. THE EQUILIBRIUM REACTION
IS: H+(AQ) + HCO3-(AQ) ⇄ H2CO3(AQ) ⇄ H2O(AQ) + CO2(AQ)
c. THE PHOSPHATE BUFFER
IS A BUFFER INSIDE THE CELL. THIS BUFFER IS A MIXTURE OF WEAK ACID H2PO4- AND ITS
CONJUGATE BASE, HPO42- IF THE PROCESS OF CELL METABOLISM PRODUCED MANY ACIDIC
SUBSTANCES, IT WILL SOON REACT WITH HPO42- IONS
HPO42-(AQ) + H+(AQ) ⇄ H2PO4-(AQ)
AND IF THE CELL METABOLIC PROCESS PRODUCES AN ALKALINE COMPOUND, THEN THE
OH-ION WILL REACT WITH HPO42-
H2PO4-(AQ) + OH-(AQ) ⇄ HPO42-(AQ) + H2O(L)
BUFFER SYSTEM
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• MURRAY,R.K. GRANNER, D.K. AND RODWELL, V.W. HARPER BIOCHEMISTRY.27TH EDITION. JAKARTA:EGC,
2009