Protozoa

Mutawalli S. L
THE PROTOZOA
 Basic structure
• 1. Cell membrane
• 2. Cytoplasm
organelles: pseudopodium(-dia-
amoeba); flagellum(-lla-flagellate);
cilium(cilia-ciliate)
• 3. Nucleus: two kinds of nuclei:
vesicular;
compact
 Reproduction
Binary fission, the most common form
of reproduction, is asexual; multiple
asexual division occurs in some forms.
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
occur in the Apicomplexa.
CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY)
KINGDOM: PROTISTA
PHYLUM: PROTOZOA
GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES,
SPOROZOA
AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA
 Life Cycle Stages

• The stages of parasitic protozoa that actively

feed and multiply are frequently called
trophozoites; in some protozoa, other terms are
used for these stages. Cysts are stages with a
protective membrane or thickened wall.
Protozoan cysts that must survive outside the
host usually have more resistant walls than
cysts that form in tissues.
 Characteristics of
Pathogenesis

• 1. proliferation
• 2. Diffusion (disperse )
• 3. Opportunistic parasitosis
 Protozoa – organisme bersel satu bisa terdapat
didalam tubuh hewan yang mempunyai kemampuan
dengan cepat berkembang biak

Lokasi dalam hospes  saluran GIT

darah
jaringan
organ tubuh
 Ecological Niches in the
Human Body:
• 1. Skin: Leishmania
• 2. Eye: Acanthamoeba
• 3. Mouth: Amoebae and flagellates
(usually non-pathogenic)
• 4.Gut: Giardia, Entamoeba (and invasion to
liver), Cryptosporidium,
Isospora, Balantidium
• 5. G.U. tract: Trichomonas
 Ecological Niches in the
Human Body:
• 6. Bloodstream: Plasmodium,
Trypanosoma
• 7. Spleen: Leishmania
• 8. Liver: Leishmania, Entamoeba
• 9. Muscle: Trypanosoma cruzi
• 10. CNS: Trypanosoma, Naegleria,
Toxoplasma, Plasmodium
• Penyakit yg disebabkan protozoa :
 Coccidiosis
 Giardiasis
 Babesiosis
 Anaplasmosis
 Trypanosomiasis
 Toxoplasmosis
 Leucocytozoon
 dll
Euglena
noctiluca
leishmania
trichomonas
amoeba
polystomella
monocystis
nosema
balantidium
 plasmodium
CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA
FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA
 1. P. MALARIAE
2. P. OVALE
3. P. VIVAX
4. P. FALCIPARUM
• LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS
– MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL
BODY
– SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO
– ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY
• 3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE
– SPOROZOITE
– MEROZOITE
– GAMETOCYTE
• LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
 TOXOPLASMOSIS

• Caused By Toxoplasma Gondii

• Seen Mostly In People With Compromised
Immune Systems
• Cats Are An Essential Part Of The Life Cycle
Of This Protozoan
• The Organism Replicates In The Intestine Of
The Cat.
• It Passes Out Of The Cat In Its Fecal Materia
• People Injest The Organism
• TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS
DERIVATIVES

– CHLOROQUINE
– PRIMAQUINE
– MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM
– SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE OF
QUININE
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