SKULL

- Consist of 8 cranial bones & 14 facial bones

- Includes also the 3 small bones in the middle
ear cavity & the hyoid bone – supports the
tongue

Cranial bones – forms the brain case that

encloses & protects the brain, eyes & ears

Frontal (1)– forms the forehead & the anterior

part of the skull
Parietal (2) – form the posterior part top &
much of the side walls of the skull
CRANIAL BONES
Temporal (2) – on the side of the skull; contains an
external auditory meatus, middle ear cavity & an
inner ear labyrinth

Occipital bone (1) – forms the lower, posterior part

of the braincase
- has foramen magnum – large opening for the
spinal cord & 2 condyles which articulate with
atlas

Sphenoid – shape like a bat; has a depression

called the sella turcica- encloses the pituitary
gland
CRANIAL BONES
Ethmoid – has a vertical projection-crista galli
(rooster’s comb) that anchors the cranial
meninges
- the rest forms the roof & upper walls of nasal
cavities & nasal septum

Sutures – immovable joints between cranial

bones
coronal – frontal & parietal
squamosal – temporal & parietal
lambdoidal – occipital & parietal
longitudinal – two parietals
Facial bones
Mandible – (lower jaw) the only movable
facial bone
Body – U-shaped portion with lower teeth
Condyles – oval projections that articulate
with temporal bones
Sockets – hold roots of lower teeth
Maxilla – 2 upper jaw bones; form the
anterior portion of the hard palate
Maxillary sinus – air cavity that opens into
nasal cavity
Palatine process
Sockets
FACIAL BONES
Nasal bones (2)– form the bridge of the nose;
articulate with the frontal bone
Lacrimal bones (2) – medial side of each orbit
Lacrimal canal
Zygomatic bones (2)– forms the point of cheek;
articulates with frontal, temporal & maxillae
Palatine bones (2) – posterior portion of the hard
palate
Vomer – forms the lower part of the nasal septum;
articulates with the ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal conchae (2) – scroll-like bones that
curl downward from the sides of nasal cavities
- help increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa
Paranasal sinuses – air cavities located in the
maxillae, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
- makes the skull lighter in weight
- provides resonance for the voice

Auditory bones- malleus, incus, & stapes

 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- Spinal column or backbone
- Made of individual bones called vertebrae
Cervical – 7; neck
atlas – first
axis - second
Thoracic – 12; articulate with the ribs on the
posterior side of the trunk
Lumbar – 5; largest & strongest bones of the spine
Sacral – 5 – fused into 1; permits articulation of the
two hip bones
Coccyx – 4- 5 fused into 1; remnant of tail
vertebrae
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Vertebral canal – continuous tunnel within the
bones that contains the spinal cord & protects
it from mechanical injury
Spinous & transverse processes – projections for
the attachment of the muscles that bend the
vertebral column
Facets – for articulation with other bones
Body – supporting part; separated by discs of
fibrous cartilage – intervertebral discs
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

4 Natural Curves
Cervical curve – forward
Thoracic curve – backward
Lumbar curve – forward
Sacral curve - backward
Abnormalities of the Curves of the Spine
Scoliosis – an abnormal lateral curvature
- usually thoracic cavity is affected
Kyphosis – an exaggerated thoracic curvature;
sometimes called “hunchback’
Lordosis – an exaggerated lumbar curvature;
sometimes called “swayback”
 RIB CAGE
- Consists of the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum or
breastbone

3 Parts of the STERNUM

Manubrium – upper
Body – central
Xiphoid process – lower
True Ribs – first seven pairs of ribs
- articulate directly with the manubrium & body
of the sternum by means of costal cartilages

False Ribs – next 3 pairs; their cartilages join the

7th rib cartilage
Floating ribs – do not articulate with the
sternum at all

- encloses & protects the heart & lungs

- pulled upward & outward by the external
intercostal muscles
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Scapula – large & flat bone with several
projections
Acromion process: articulates with clavicle
Spine/ coracoid process – long, posterior process
for muscle attachment
Glenoid fossa – depression that articulates with
humerus thru a ball-&-socket joint

Clavicle:
Acromial end – articulates with scapula
Sternal end – articulates with manubrium of
sternum
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Humerus: long bone of the upper arm
Head – round process that articulates with
scapula via a ball-&-socket joint
Deltoid tubercle – round process for the
deltoid muscle
Olecranon fossa – posterior, oval
depression for the olecranon projection of
the ulna
Capitulum – round process superior to the
radius
Trochlea – concave surface that articulates
with ulna via a hinge joint
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Radius:
Head – articulates with the ulna

Ulna:
Olecranon process – fits into olecranon
fossa of the humerus
Semilunar notch – “half moon” depression
that articulates with the trochlea of
humerus
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Carpals: 8 small bones in the wrist; gliding
joints between them
Proximal row: Scaphoid Lunate
Triquetrum Pisifrom

Distal row: Trapezium Trapezoid

Capitate Hamate
Metacarpals – 5 bones of the palm of the hand
thumb – more movable because of the
saddle joint
THE SHOULDER & ARM
Phalanges: bones of the finger
thumb - two phalanges
fingers – three phalanges
hinge joint – between phalanges
THE HIP AND LEG
HIP : Pelvic: (2 hip bones); articulates with the
sacrum
3 major parts
Ilium – flared, upper portion
Ischium – lower, posterior portion
Pubis – anterior, medial portion; pubic
symphysis

Iliac crest – upper edge of ilium

Posterior superior iliac spine – post., continuation
of iliac crest
Acetabulum – deep depression that articulates
with femur
THE HIP AND LEG
Femur: long bone of the thigh
Head – round process that articulate with
hip bone
Neck – constricted portion distal to head
Greater trochanter – large lateral process
for muscle attachment
Lesser trochanter – medial process for
muscle attachment
Condyles – rounded process that articulate
with tibia
THE HIP AND LEG
Tibia: weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Condyles – articulate with the femur
Tibial tuberosity – rounded process for the
patellar attachment
Anterior crest – vertical ridge
Medial malleolus – distal process; medial
“ankle bone”

Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored &

it helps stabilize the ankle
THE HIP AND LEG
Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored & it
helps stabilize the ankle
Head – articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus – distal process; lateral “ankle
bone”

Tarsals: 7 bones in the ankle

Calcaneus – largest; heel bone
Talus – transmit weight between calcaneus & tibia
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform: 1st , 2nd , 3rd
THE HIP AND LEG
Metatarsals: 5 long bones of each foot

Phalanges: bones of the toes

big toe – 2 phalanges
other toes – 3 phalanges
- form hinge joint with each other

2 Major Arches of the Foot

Longitudinal walking upright
Transverse provide spring or bounce in our
steps
THE HIP AND LEG
Fibula: leg muscle are attached & anchored & it
helps stabilize the ankle
Head – articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus – distal process; lateral “ankle
bone”

Tarsals: 7 bones in the ankle

Calcaneus – largest; heel bone
Talus – transmit weight between calcaneus & tibia
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform: 1st , 2nd , 3rd
 JOINT - ARTICULATION
- where two bones meet or articulate
TYPES
Synarthrosis : immovable
Suture – fibrous connective tissue between bone
surfaces
bet cranial bones; bet facial bones
Amphiarthrosis : slightly movable
Symphysis – disc of fibrous cartilage between
bones
bet vertebrae; pubic bones
Diarthrosis : freely movable
Ball-&-socket – movement in all planes
scapula & humerus, pelvic bone & femur
 JOINT - ARTICULATION
Hinge – movement in one plane
humerus & ulna; femur & tibia; bet phalanges
Condyloid – movement in one plane with some
lateral movement
temporal bone & mandible
Pivot – rotation
atlas & axis; radius & ulna
Gliding – side-to-side movement
between carpals
Saddle – movement in several planes
carpometacarpal of thumb
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- all diarthrosis are synovial joints
- have bursae – small sacs of synovial fluid between the
joint & the tendons that cross over the joint
- this permits the joint to slide easily as the bones are
moved
FRACTURES - bone has been broken
Simple (closed): broken parts are still in normal anatomic
position; surrounding tissue damage is minimal
Compound (open): broken end of the bone has been
moved & it pierces the skin
Greenstick: bone splits longitudinally
Comminuted : two or more intersecting breaks create
several bone fragments
Impacted: broken ends of a bone are forced into one
another & many bone fragments may be created
Pathologic (spontaneous): bone breaks without apparent
trauma; may accompany bone disorders like osteoporosis