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 Process in which a metal is heated

to a certain temperature and the


cooled in a particular manner to
alter its internal structure for
obtaining desired degree of
physical and mechanical properties
such as brittleness, hardness, and
softness.
 Iron has three allotropic forms of
crystal at different temperature. It
undergoes all the allotropic forms
when it is heated from normal
temperature to high temperature
(molten state).
Alpha
Gamma
Delta
Beta
 Alpha Iron. It occurs from normal
temperature to 910 degree centigrade and
has got body-centered cubic
(b.c.c.)lattice crystals.
(i) Ferromagnetic alpha iron which occurs
from normal temperature to 770
degree centigrade.
(ii) Paramagnetic alpha iron which occurs
from 770 degree centigrade to
910 degree centigrade.
Gamma Iron. This occurs
from 910 degree centigrade to
1400 degree centigrade, and
has got crystal structure of
face-centered cubic
(f.c.c.) lattice.
 Delta Iron. This occurs from 1400 degree centigrade to
1539 degree centigrade (molten state), and has got
crystal structure of body-centered lattice.
Pure Iron is soft and has got silvery white color.It is
strongly magnetic in presence of a magnetic field or
electric current. When inducing field is removed the
induced magnetism is not retained by pure iron. This
power of retentivity of magnetism of pure iron is improved
by the addition of other elements such as carbon, cobalt, or
nickel. Iron loses its magnetic propertieswhen heated to
770 degree centigrade.
The nonmagnetic form of
iron that exists between
768° and 910° C and that is
identical with alpha iron
except that alpha is
magnetic — compare ALPHA
IRON GAMMA IRON
 Microstructure is the very small scale
structure of a steel or other materials.
 Austenite
 Ferrite
 Cementite
 Pearlite
 Leduburite
 Martensite
a liquid mixture in which the
minor component (the
solute) is uniformly
distributed within the major
component (the solvent)
solute. ... A substance
dissolved in another
substance, usually the
component of a solution
present in the lesser amount.
solvent
A substance that can dissolve
another substanceor in
which anothersubstance is
dissolved, forming a solution.
 The technique works by adding
atoms of one element (the alloying
element) to the crystalline lattice of
another element (the base metal),
forming a solid solution.
 Ex ( iron + carbon = steel )
 Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-
Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or
a solid solution of iron, with
an alloying element.[1] In plain-carbon steel,
austenite exists above the
critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727°C);
other alloys of steel have different eutectoid
temperatures. The austenite allotrope exists at
room temperature in stainless steel.
 Ferrite is a body-centered cubic
(BCC, alpha iron) form of iron. It is
this crystallinestructure which
gives steel and cast iron their
magnetic properties, and is the
classic example of a ferromagnetic
material.
 Cementite (or iron carbide) is
an intermetallic compound of iron
and carbon, more precisely an
intermediate transition
metal carbidewith the formula
Fe3C. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon
and 93.3% iron.
 Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or
layered) structure composed of alternating
layers of ferrite (88 wt%) and cementite (12
wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast
irons. During slow cooling of an iron-carbon
alloy, pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction
as austenitecools below 727 °C (1,341 °F) (the
eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a
microstructure occurring in many common
grades of steels.
 ledeburite is a mixture of 4.3% carbon
in iron and is a eutectic mixture
of austenite and cementite. Ledeburite
is not a type of steel as the carbon level
is too high although it may occur as a
separate constituent in some high
carbon steels. It is mostly found with
cementite or pearlite in a range of cast
irons.
 Martensite, named after the
German metallurgist Adolf Martens (1850–
1914), most commonly refers to a
very hard form of steel crystalline structure,
but it can also refer to any crystal structure
that is formed by diffusionless
transformation.[1] It includes a class of hard
minerals occurring as lath- or plate-
shaped crystal grains
 In their simplest form, steels are
alloys of Iron (Fe)
and Carbon (C). The Fe-C
phase diagram is a fairly complex
one, but we will only consider the
steel part of the diagram.
Liquidus line
Solidus line
Critical
temperature
Euetectoid steel
has 0.8% C.
Eutectic is a
mixture of 4.3%
carbon in iron
Hypo-eutectoid steel
has less than 0,8% of C in
its composition. It is
composed by pearlite and
α-ferrite.
Hyper-eutectoid steel
has between 0.8% and
2% of C, composed by
pearlite and cementite.
Definition of hypoeutec
tic. : containing the minor
component in an amount
less than in the eutectic
mixture.
 Annealing, in metallurgy and materials
science, is a heat treatment that alters the
physical and sometimes chemical properties
of a material to increase its ductility and
reduce its hardness, making it more
workable. It involves heating a material to
above its recrystallization temperature,
maintaining a suitable temperature, and
then cooling.
 Stress Relief Annealing -
Large castings or welded
structures tend to possess
internal stresses caused mainly
during their manufacture and
uneven cooling.
 Spherodise Annealing - This
is a process for high carbon and
alloy steel in order to improve
their machinability. The process
tends to improve the internal
structure of the steel. This can
be done by two methods
Normalizing is a heat
treatment used on steel so as
to refine its crystal structure
and produces a more uniform
and desired grain size
distribution
Definition of hardening:
Process by which a material
acquires greater hardness,
such as cold forming or heat
treatment.
Austempering is a form
of heat treatment used
on ferrous metals, such as
iron and steel, to improve the
metal's mechanical
properties.
 In this process, steel is
heated above the upper
critical point and then
quenched in a salt bath kept
at a temperature of 150-300°
C

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