HIV/AIDS

DEFINISI
AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency
Syndrome) adalah suatu
penyakit retrovirus epidemik,
menular yang disebabkan
oleh infeksi HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus),
yang pada kasus berat
bermanifestasi sebagai
depresi berat imunitas
selular.
 HIV (human
immunodeficienc
y virus) adalah
sebuah retrovirus
yang menginfeksi
sel sistem
kekebalan tubuh
manusia -
terutama sel T,
CD4+, dan
makrofag.
Characteristics of the virus
• Bagian luar disebut Viral
envelope.

• Bagian luar enevelope

menempel glycoprotein
(gp) 120 di bagian tutup
dan gp41 dibagian batang

• Protein HIV dibagian

dalam disebut P17
(matrix) dan menutupi
bagian inti (capsid) yang
dibuat dari protein
p24(core antigen).
Life Cycle
• HIV (red) attaches to two cell-surface receptors (the CD4 antigen and a specific
chemokine receptor).
• The virus and cell membrane fuse, and the virion core enters the cell.
• The viral RNA and core proteins are released from the virion core and are then
actively transported to the nucleus.
• The viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA through an enzyme
unique to viruses, reverse transcriptase (red dot).
• The double-stranded viral DNA moves into the cell nucleus.
• Using a unique viral enzyme called integrase, the viral DNA is integrated into the
cellular DNA.
• Viral RNA is synthesized by the cellular enzyme RNA polymerase II using integrated
viral DNA as a template. Two types of RNA transcripts shorter spliced RNA (h) and
full-length genomic RNA (j) are produced.
• Shorter spliced RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm and used for the
production of several viral proteins that are then modified in the Golgi apparatus
of the cell (i).
(j) Full-length genomic RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm (k).
(l) New virion is assembled and then buds off.
(m) Mature virus is released.
PATOFISIOLOGI
Virus HIV menempel pada
permukaan sel inang.

enzim reverse transcriptase

RNA HIV memasuki sel inang,
terbentuklah DNA pro virus.

DNA provirus memasuki inti sel dan

akan berikatan dgn DNA sel

Sel inang m= RNA HIV dan protein

HIV

RNA virus baru dan protein pindah ke

permukaan sel yang baru dan masih
imatur

terbentuklah virus HIV baru.

(Virus matang oleh enzim protease
HIV)
Tertular
TAHAPAN INFEKSI

Periode
Jendela HIV + AIDS

3 - 6 BULAN 5 - 10 TAHUN 1 - 2 TAHUN

 TAHAPAN INFEKSI
Gejala ARS, ditandai dengan demam,
limfadenopati, faringitis, ruam kulit, Infeksi
mialgia/arthralgia, dan gejala lainnya
Biasanya 3-6 bulan, tapi bisa lebih
Orang bisa menularkan tetapi
hasil tes negatif dalam masa
jendela ini

Masa laten

Masa laten bisa berkisar antara 4

bulan sampai lebih dari 10 tahun infeksi HIV tanpa gejala

Gangguan saraf krn HIV seperti

pikun, mati rasa,terdapat Infeksi
AIDS Penyakit yg berkaitan dgn
HIV: Berat badan menurun,
Oportunistik (IO) demam, diare
 Primary HIV Syndrome
• Gejala demam dan flu mungkin terjadi 6- 12
minggu setelah infeksi
• Gejala lain yang mungkin dialami
lymphadenopathy, demam, ruam, sakit
kepala, kelemahan, diare, luka tenggorokan,
manifestasi neurologis dan mungkin tidak ada
gejala
• Test HIV mungkin negatif tapi akan menjadi
positif setelah 3-6 bulan
 Clinical Latency Period
• HIV continues to reproduce, CD4 count gradually
declines from its normal value of 500-1200.
• Once CD4 count drops below 500, HIV infected
person at risk for opportunistic infections.
• The following diseases are predictive of the
progression to AIDS:
– persistent herpes-zoster infection (shingles)
– oral candidiasis (thrush)
– oral hairy leukoplakia
– Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
 AIDS
• CD4 count drops below 200 person is considered to have
advanced HIV disease
• If preventative medications not started the HIV infected
person is now at risk for: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
(PCP), cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis
• If CD4 count drops below 50: Mycobacterium avium,
Cytomegalovirus infections, lymphoma, dementia, Most
deaths occur with CD4 counts below 50.
Other Opportunistic Infections
PENULARAN HIV
 DIAGNOSTIK
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/Enzyme
Immunoassay (ELISA/EIA)
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Western Blot Confirmatory test
Diagnosis
Interpretasi & Tindak Lanjut Hasil Tes