Kematian
Atherogenesis and Atherothrombosis:
A Progressive Process
Plaque
Athero- Rupture/ Myocardial
Fatty Fibrous sclerotic Fissure & Infarction
Normal Streak Plaque Plaque Thrombosis
Ischemic
Stroke
Critical
Leg
Clinically Silent Angina
Ischemia
Transient Ischemic Attack
Claudication/PAD
Cardiovascular Death
Increasing Age
3
Faktor resiko Aterosklerosis
• faktor genetik/riwayat keluarga
kandung
• merokok
• dislipidemia
• hipertensi
• diabetes
• obesitas
• usia
• Dll.
*Pernah infark miokard dan/atau stroke
PATOFISIOLOGI
Kursus SKA
aunwald E et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970–1062.
Patofisiologi
• Seiring waktu, plak membesar, komponen lipid
dan seluler bertambah secara progresif sampai
menghambat pembuluh darah. Sewaktu
obstruksi mencapai 75 %, timbullah angina
stabil (stable angina ).
• Dulu dianggap :semakin sempit semakin ber-
berbahaya.
Sekarang : semakin tidak stabil plak,
semakin mudah pecah, semakin berbahaya
Kursus SKA
Jika aliran menurun dengan cepat akibat
sumbatan (obstruksi) seperti pada:
aterosklerosis
vasokonstriksi
bekuan darah
konstriksi (spasme)
Suplai O2 menurun –tidak dapat
memenuhi demand
Setelah lewat suatu batas waktu, jaringan iskemik akan mati
(nekrosis), dan akhirnya digantikan oleh jaringan parut yang
non-fungsional Infark Miokard Kursus SKA
Infark miokard non gelombang Q
(NQwMI)
Thrombus
Lipid core
Adventitia
Infark Miokard (Q Wave Myocardial
Infarction dengan elevasi segmen ST )
• Pecahnya plak diikuti trombosis berlebihan, dengan akibat
oklusi total.
• IMA menyebabkan oklusi arteri koroner secara tiba-tiba, bukan
bertahap
• Oklusi total arteri koroner menyebabkan iskemia yang dapat
menyebabkan kematian jaringan jantung.
• Kebanyakan kematian sel terjadi pada 6 jam pertama setelah
onset gejala.
• Insidens trombosis oklusi koroner, ditentukan dengan angiografi
selama 4 jam pertama setelah onset gejala sebesar 87 %.
Untuk melindungi jaringan miokardium: al.TROMBOLISIS
ANGINA PEKTORIS
INFARK MIOKARD
Pathway to Thrombosis
DIAGNOSIS
SINDROM KORONER AKUT
Pemeriksaan awal pada Sindrom Koroner Akut
Pengobatan
Pencegahan
sekunder
Esc/EHJ 2002
*INITIAL ASSESMENT
1.ANAMNESIS/Targeted history
• Chest pain / history of chest pain/
angina pectoris
• Risk factors
• Other disease ( concomitant disease )
• Medications
2.VITAL SIGNS & Focused PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM : 12 Leads
*BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
*Chest X-Ray
Keluhan :SAKIT DADA/ANGINA
PECTORIS
Kursus SKA
KELUHAN UTAMA SINDROM KORONER AKUT
•Sakit dada atau nyeri hulu hati yang berat, asalnya
non-traumatik, dengan ciri-ciri tipikal iskemia miokard
atau infark:
Dada bgn tengah/substernal rasa tertekan atau sakit
seperti diremas
Rasa sesak, berat/tertimpa beban , mencengkeram,
terbakar,sakit
sakit perut yg tdk dpt dijelaskan, sendawa, nyeri hulu
hati
Penjalaran ke leher, rahang, bahu, punggung atau 1
atau ke 2 lengan
•Disertai sesak
•Disertai mual dan/atau muntah
•Disertai berkeringat
Stat ECG
DIAGNOSIS DIFERENSIAL
SAKIT DADA
Cardiac Gastrointestinal
• •Reflux esofagus
ACS : Infarct,angina
•Ruptur esofagus
• MVP
•Gall bladder disease
• Aortic Stenosis •Peptic Ulcer
• Hypertrophic cardio- •Pancreatitis
myopathy
• Pericarditis Vascular
Lungs •Aortic dissection/aneurysma
• Lung Emboli
• Pnemonia Others
• Pneumothorax •Musculoskeletal
• Pleuritis •Herpes zoster
SAKIT DADA KARDIAK:
Dalam 10 menit
Tentukan:
Irama
•Elevasi SEGMENT ST ?
•Depresi SEGMENT ST ?
•BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK (BARU )?
• Gelombang Q ?
•NON DIAGNOSTIC or NORMAL ECG
LOKASI ISKEMIA
BERDASARKAN PERUBAHAN DI SANDAPAN EKG
SANDAPAN LOKASI ISKEMIA / INFARK
• II ,III, aVF Inferior
• V1,V2,V3 Anteroseptal
•V1-V4 Anterior
• V1- V6 Anterior ekstensif
• I,aVL ,V5,V6 Lateral
• I, V6 Apikal
• V7-V9 Posterior
• V4R Ventrikel kanan
Rekomendasi
Level of evidence : A
Class I
1. Bed rest, continuous ECG monitoring ( C )
2. NTG s.l. or spray followed by IV adm. ( C )
3. Oxygen ( C)
4. Morphine sulphate IV if symptoms not relieved by NTG (C)
5. Beta blocker,if there is ongoing chest pain (( B)
6. Calcium Channel blocker if BB if contraindicated (B)
7. ACE inhibitor when hypertension persists despite treatment with NTG
and a BB in pts with LV systolic dysfunction or CHF and in
Pts with diabetes (B)
Class IIa
1. Oral long acting CCB for recurrent ischemia in the absence of contra
indication and when BB and nitrates are fully used (C)
2. An ACI for all post ACS patients ( level evidence B )
3. IABP for severe ischemia that is continuing or recurs frequently
despite intensive medical Tx or for hemodynamically instabibility
in pts before or after coronary angiography
4/00 MedSlides.com 70
Advantages of LMWH over UH
† Aspirin† Aspirin†
Aspirin
+ +
SC LMWH IV heparin/SC LMWH‡
or +
IV heparin IV GP IIb/IIIa antagonist
+ Clopidogrel + Clopidogrel
*
During hospital care
†
Clopidogrel should be administered to hospitalized patients who are unable to take ASA
because of hypersensitivity or major GI intolerance
‡
Class IIa: enoxaparin preferred over unfractionated heparin, unless CABG is planned within 24 hours
02/02/18
1. Braunwald E et al. American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association
(AHA) Guidelines, USA: ACC/AHA; 2002.
Psn Nyeri Dada SINDROM KORONER AKUT
Rwyat nyeri dada Aspirin 300 mg dikunyah dan Nitrat s.l.
khas
EKG 12 sandapan*
Petanda biokimia
• Streptokinase ( Streptase )
1.5 million Unit in 100 ml D5W or 0.9%
saline over 30-60 minute
without heparin : Inferior MCI
with heparin : anterior MCI
• tPA
15 mg IV bolus then 0.75 mg/Kg over 30
min,then 0.5 mg/Kg ovr 60 minutes
Streptokinase (SK, Streptase)
• Manfaat: untuk semua lokasi
STEMI, usia >75; simptom < 6jam
( bisa <12 jam); relatif lbh murah
• Komplikasi: antigenik, Perdarahan
Intra serebral (GUSTO study 0.6%)
• Trials: GISSI-1, ISIS-2 (88)
TPA Alteplase, RT-PA
• Manfaat : clot specific, Baik pada
STEMI Anterior
• Komplikasi: perdarahan
intraserebral 1%
• Harga: lebih mahal dari SK
• Trials: ASSENT, GUSTO (93) TIMI-IIIB
(94)
PAIN KILLER
•Morphin :
2.5mg-5 mg slow IV.
Precaution : inferior MCI,
asthma , bradycardia
•Pethidin : 12.5-25 mg slow
I.V
OBAT Lain
• Tranquilizer e,g
diazepam 5mg bid
• Pelunak tinja
Miscellaneous
• Magnesium- no benefit ISIS-4
• ACE Inhibitors- benefit ISIS-4
• Calcium Channel blockers- causes harm
( Diltiazem in Non-Q MI )
Contoh instruksi dokter
pd waktu msk perawatan IMA anterior
• Rawat tirah baring
• NPO/Puasa 8 jam
• D5W as net
• Obat-obat:
1.Aspirin 250 mg dikunyah,selanjutnya 160mg/hari
2.Streptokinase 1.5 juta Unit dalam 60 menit ss protokol
2.ISDN 5 mg s.l dst
3.Heparin sesuai protokol ,dst
4.Diazepam tab 5 mg bid
5.Laksans bid
• ECG serial
• Ro Foto torak
• Lab : CKMB serial , Troponin
rutin : panel lipid, GD, panel renal ,electrolyte
Pra Rumah Sakit
(oleh personil yg sudah dilatih )
• Aspirin 160mg P.O. kunyah
• Oxygen 2-6L/min
• Baring, pasang IV line
• Pain killer ( morphin atau alternatif)
• Nitrogiserin-NTG 0.2mg SL / Infusion
(SBP>90)
• EKG 12 sandapan
• Defibrilator / AEDs
INTERVENTION
PADA SINDROM
KORONER AKUT
Angioplasti /PCI
• Keberhasilan Primer : 85 - 95 %
Thrombotic
plug
4
Platelet Adhesion and Activation
Platelets adhering to
Aggregation
damaged endothelium
of platelets
Normal platelets and undergoing
into a
in flowing blood activation
thrombus
Platelet
thrombus
Platelets
adhering to
Platelets subendothelial
space
Endothelial cells
Subendothelial space
7
Platelet Activation Pathways
Thrombin TxA2
ADP
Platelet
Platelet Aggregation
Herbert. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 1994;3:449-455. 9
ADP: A Key Mediator of Platelet
Activation
Platelet Aggregation
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen Binding Site
Platelet
Recruitment
External ADP
ADP
Other ADP
Agonists
ADP
Internal ADP
Platelet
Fibrinogen Binding Site
Activation Fibrinogen
Platelet Aggregation
10
Clopidogrel Blocks the ADP
Receptor
ADP
l Clopidogrel
Clopidogre
Platelet ADP
XIIa
VIIa
XIa
Heparin / LMWH
(AT-III dependent)
IXa
Hirudin/Hirulog
Xa (direct antithrombin)
aPTT Thrombin (IIa)
PT
Thrombin-Fibrin
Clot
Courtesy of VTI