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EPC Network

Principles

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Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


References
 3GPP TS23401 GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN
access

 3GPP TS23402 Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP


accesses

 3GPP TS24301 NAS protocol for Evolved Packet System


(EPS)

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Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the EPC network structure

 Describe the EPC Network interface and protocol

 Describe the EPC Network working procedures

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Contents
1. EPS Overview

2. Key Concepts

3. Signaling & Protocols

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Contents
1. EPS Overview

1.1 EPS Architecture

1.2 Services in EPS

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3GPP System Evolution

UMTS:
GSM/ LTE/SAE:
3GPP R99/R4/R5/R6/R
GPRS R8/R9/R10…
7

1.PS core network only support non- 1. The all-IP network contains the
real time services. PS. Voice services are jointly
2. Voice services are carried in the CS provided by the PS and the IP
domain. Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
3. Low efficiency of routes in 2. Flattened network architecture.
forwarding data due to the over-layered 3. Support of the multiple access
networks. technologies.
4. Incapability of supporting multiple 4. High data transmission rate:
radio access systems downlink 100 Mbit/s and uplink
traffic 50 Mbit/s.

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EPS Network Structure

HSS PCRF Control plane


eNodeB User plane
MME
S1-MME
S6a

Rx
LTE Gxc
X2 S1-U Gx
-Uu S11

S1-MME S5 SGi Operator's


IP Service
eNodeB S1-U S-GW P-GW

UE LTE SAE

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EPS Network Functions
 The EPS network perform the following logical functions :
 Network Access Control Functions.

 Packet Routing and Transfer Functions.

 Mobility Management Functions.

 Security Functions.

 Radio Resource Management Functions.

 Network Management Functions.

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GUL Network Structure
 Co-Site of the S-GW and P-GW

UTRAN
SGSN
S12
NodeB RNC

GERAN S6a PCRF


S3
HSS
BTS BSC/PCU
S4
MME
Gx Rx
S11
S1-MME
LTE Operator's
IP Services
S1-U SGi
eNodeB
S-GW/P-GW

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GUL Network Structure
 Separate Installation of the S-GW and P-GW

UTRAN
SGSN
S12
NodeB RNC

GERAN S3 PCRF
S6a
HSS
BTS BSC/PCU S4
MME Gx Rx
S11
S1-MME
LTE Operator's
IP Services
S1-U S5 SGi
eNodeB
S-GW P-GW

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Functions of EPC Network Entity
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Non-access stratum (NAS) signaling MME selection for handovers with MME change

NAS signaling security SGSN selection for handovers to 2G/3G access


networks

Selection of the P-GW and S-GW Mobility Management

Reachability of UEs in IDLE mode Authentication

Tracking area (TA) list management Bearer management

Lawful interception of signaling traffic

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Functions of EPC Network Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Functioning as the local mobility anchor point for inter-eNodeB handovers

Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility

Supporting inter-operator charging based on subscriber and QoS class identifier (QCI) granularity

Accounting for inter-operator charging (for GTP-based S5/S8)

Supporting transport level packet marking for Performing lawful interception


uplink and downlink data (e.g. set DSCP)

Supporting packet routing and transfer

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Functions of EPC Network Entity

P-GW: Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway


Packet filtering based on single user Uplink and downlink gateway control based on
traffic

Lawful interception Uplink and downlink rate control based on traffic

IP address allocation for UEs Uplink and downlink rate enforcement based on
access point name-aggregate maximum bit rate
(APN-AMBR)

Supporting packet marking for uplink and Downlink rate enforcement based on
downlink data based on transfer priority guaranteed bit rate (GBR)

Uplink and downlink charging based on traffic DHCPv4 (server/relay) and DHCPv6 (server)
functions

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Functions of EPC Network Entity

HSS: Home Subscriber Server


Supporting authentication and registration for subscribers and downloading user
profiles to the MME

Supporting authentication and registration for non-3GPP subscribers and distributing


user profiles to the AAA

Providing roaming restriction

Providing barring services

Providing restrictions over access network types

Supporting Diameter-based IP networking

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Functions of EPC Network Entity
 PCRF: policy control and charging rule function

 The PCRF is mainly used for prescribing rules for policy and
charging control.

 The PCRF is responsible for terminating the Rx interface


and the Gx interface.

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Contents
1. EPS Overview

1.1 EPS Architecture

1.2 Services in EPS

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Typical Packet Service

1 MME
ICP/ISP

internet
2 S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
Signaling
Data

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Typical Voice Service

IMS domain
MGCF
EPC Signaling
IMS Signaling 3
SS7 Signaling
CSCF IMS-MGW SS7
Data (VOIP)

MME 4
1

2
MSC
4 PLMN
S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
EPC

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Roaming: Home Routed
VPLMN HPLMN

SGSN HSS PCRF


Gb

GERAN
Iu
S3 S4
S6a Rx
Gx
S12
UTRAN
S11

S1-C MME S8
SGi
Operator’s
IP Service
S1-U

E-UTRUAN S-GW PDN-GW

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Roaming: Local Breakout

VPLMN HPLMN
Gb SGSN HSS H-PCRF
Rx
Operator’s
GERAN
Iu IP Service
S3 S4
S9
S6a
V-PCRF
S12
UTRAN
S11 Gx
S1-C MME S5
SGi Operator’s
S1-U IP Service
E-UTRUAN S-GW PDN-GW

Local Breakout with Home Operator's Application Functions only

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Roaming: Local Breakout

VPLMN HPLMN
Gb SGSN HSS H-PCRF

Operator’s
GERAN
Iu IP Service
S3 S4
S9
S6a
V-PCRF
S12 Rx
UTRAN
S11 Gx
S1-C MME S5
SGi Operator’s
S1-U IP Service
E-UTRUAN S-GW PDN-GW

Local Breakout with Visited Operator's Application Functions only

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Contents
1. EPS Overview

2. Key Concepts

3. Signaling & Protocols

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Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management

2.2 Security

2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

2.4 Policy & Charging Control

2.5 Selection Functions

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management


The PDN connectivity service

IP Address & Allocation

EPS Bearer

Mobility Principles

Idle mode Signalling Reduction (ISR)

Identifiers and corresponding legacy IDs

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PDN Connections
 PDN Connection is an IP connection in mobile networks.
 A terminal may access a single PDN at a time or it may have
multiple PDN connections open simultaneously.

 The PDN connection is a logical connection between a specific


IPv4 address and/or IPv6 prefix allocated to a UE and a
particular PDN
IP address for UE PDN Number of PDN
Connection
192.168.1.100 internet 1
192.168.1.101 Internet
2
192.168.1.102 IMS

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PDN Connections
 UE with multiple PDN connections simultaneously

PDN # 3
PDN # 1 PDN # 2 Corporate
internet IMS Network

PDN GW PDN GW PDN GW

Evolved Packet
Core

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PDN Connections
 Key Components in PDN connection
 PDN the destination network which UE accesses

 IP address(es) IPv4/IPv6/dual stack addresses that are


allocated to the UE

 PDN GW the anchor point which provide service for


UE to the selected PDN

 APN defined in the UE/PDN GW to identity the


destination PDN

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IP Address & Allocation
 IP address allocated by following ways
 Allocated during attach procedure

 Allocated by DHCP after attach procedure

 Allocated by AAA server during authentication

 IP address types allocated


 IPv4

 IPv6

 IPv4/IPv6 dual stack

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EPS Bearers
 Bearer is one of the tools that handles quality of service
(QoS)
 A PDN connection is provided by one or more EPS bearers.

 EPS bearer provides a logical transport channel between the


UE and the PDN for transporting IP traffic.

 Each EPS bearer is associated with a set of QoS parameters:


 Bit rate

 Delay

 Bit error rate

 etc

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EPS Bearers
 Two types of bearers:
 Default bearer
 Created during the attach procedure

 Remains active until user detaches

 Dedicated bearer
 Created on demand

Default EPS bearer


Dedicated EPS bearer 1
Dedicated EPS bearer 2
Serving GW PDN GW

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EPS Bearer ID and TFT
 EPS bearer ID identify different EPS bearer context of one
subscriber.

 Traffic Flow Template (TFT) is used in UE, serving GW and PDN


GW to identify bearers.
MME SGW/PGW

EPS bearer ID:5


EPS bearer ID:6

The PGW uses the TFT


The MS uses the EPS bearer ID is to match corresponding
TFT to match created by MME and EPS bearer Context
corresponding Used by when receiving downlink
EPS bearer MME/SGW/PGW/MS packets.
context
when sending
uplink packets.

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TFT - Filters
 Traffic Flow Template (TFT) Packet Filter Attribute
Remote address and subnet
 TFTs may contain packet filters
mask
for uplink traffic (UL TFT) and/or Protocol number (IPv4)
downlink traffic (DL TFT) Or next header (IPv6)
Local port range
Remote port range
IPSec Security Parameter
Index (SPI)
Type of Service (TOS) (IPv4)
Or Traffic class (IPv6)
Flow Label (IPv6)

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Usage of TFT
 Two TFTs for illustration

Flow (‘www’) Flow(‘VoIP’)

TFT in UE
IP Packet IP Packet
and PDN GW

TFT1, allows: TFT2, allows:


Destination IP= any Dest.IP= 212.50.31.226
Protocol ID=6 Protocol ID=17
Dest.Port =80 Dest.Port =5070

EPS bearer ID=6 EPS bearer ID=7

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TFT Format
 TFT includes TFT operation code and packet filter list

TFT Operation code


001 Create new TFT
010 Delete existing TFT
011 Add packet filters to existing TFT
100 Replace packet filters in existing TFT
101 Delete packet filters from existing TFT
110 No TFT operation

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EPS Bearers - TFT

The EPS bearer with GTP-based S5/S8

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Traffic Aggregate Description (TAD)
 TAD: partial of TFT, indicate operation code of bearer
resource modification request, including add, mod, delete;

 TAD includes packet filter ID and information of packet filter;

 TAD is released after this procedure is completed.

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PDN Connections/Bearers/TFTs All in
One
UE/PDN GW
Filter # 1
Filter attribute
precedence
PDN
Connection # 1 ·····
EPS Bearer # 1 TFT ·
IP address
Bearer ID Filter # k
APN
QoS parameter
etc Filter attribute
····· etc
precedence
·····
·
·
PDN
EPS Bearer # n TFT
Connection # m
Bearer ID
IP address QoS parameter
APN etc
etc

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Comparison of GUL SM Concept

4G 2G/3G
bearer PDP
EPS bearer id NSAPI
EPS bear context PDP context
Dedicated bearer activation Secondary PDP context
activation
Linked EPS Bearer Identity Linked NSAPI
TFT same
Packet filter same

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Mobility Principle
 Registration area
 When UE move from one registration area to another, an
update procedure will be initiated

 In 2G/3G, registration area = routing area (RA, for PS)

location area (LA, for CS)

 In EPS, registration area = tracking area (TA)

 TA list
 A list of different TAs

 When UE move within the TA list, no TA update would be


initiated
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Mobility Principle
 Mobility within 3GPP family of accesses
 X2-based handover procedure (X2 interface available)

 S1-based handover procedure (X2 interface unavailable)

 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

 Mobility between E-UTRAN and HRPD


 Pre-registration

 Handover

 Mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses


 Mobile IP mechanism is used for mobility

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 What is ISR
 ISR is a feature that allows the UE to move between LTE and
2G/3G without performing Tracking Area (TA) or Routing Area
(RA) update once ISR has been activated.

 Benefit of ISR
 limit the signaling between the UE and the network as well as
signaling within the network.

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 How ISR works
 UE register in 2G/3G network (RA) and LTE network (TA or TA
list) simultaneously, UE monitors the two registrations in
parallel, and so does the network.

 Three operations been defined for ISR


 ISR Activation

 Paging

 ISR Deactivation

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 ISR Activation
 Need the support for UE/SGSN/MME/Serving GW/HSS

HSS HSS
P-GW P-GW

S-GW ③ S-GW

SGSN MME SGSN MME




ISR ⑤ After ISR
Activation UE UE Activation

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 Characteristics of ISR
 ISR feature MUST be supported by the following nodes
 MME/SGSN(must support S4 and S6d interface)/Serving
GW/HSS/UE (for UE, ISR is mandatory)

 Anytime UE move out the RA or TA(s) registered, ISR status


will be refreshed

 In case of SGSN change for GERAN/UTRAN or MME change


for E-UTRAN, a new ISR activation procedure should be
performed

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 Paging for ISR
P-GW

1. Downlink Data

2. Downlink Data
2. Downlink Data S-GW Notification
Notification
6. Stop 5. Establish
downlink data MME
SGSN paging
connection

4. Paging 3. Paging in TA
3. Paging in RA
Response

Routing Area Tracking area

UE

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Idle Mode Signaling Reduction (ISR)
 ISR Deactivation
 ISR deactivation by SGSN/MME
 CN node change resulting in context transfer between the same
type of CN nodes (SGSNSGSN or MME  MME)

 Serving GW changed

 ISR deactivation by UE
 Modification of any EPS bearer context or PDP context which was
activated before the ISR is activated in the UE;

 After updating either MME or SGSN about the change of the DRX
parameters or UE capabilities

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Identifiers and corresponding legacy
IDs
 Permanent subscriber identifiers
 IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

MCC (Mobile Country Code)

MNC (Mobile Network Code)

MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identity)

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Identifiers and corresponding legacy
IDs
 Temporary subscriber identifiers
 GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary ID)

GUMMEI (Global Unique MME Identifier)

MMEI (MME Identifier)

MMEGI (MME Group Id)

MMEC (MME Code)

M-TMSI (MME Temporary Subscriber Identity)

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Identifiers and corresponding legacy
IDs
 Temporary subscriber identifiers
 S-TMSI

MMEC (MME Code)

M-TMSI (MME Temporary Subscriber Identity)

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Identifiers and corresponding legacy
IDs
 Location related identifiers
 TAI (Tracking Area ID)

TAI = MCC + MNC + TAC


MCC Mobile Country Code

MNC Mobile Network Code

TAC Tracking Area Code

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Tracking Area in EPS

MME MMEI= MME Group ID+MME Code

TAI=MCC+MNC+TAC

TA List 1 TA List 2
TA 1 TA 2 TA 3 TA 5
CELL1 CELL2 CELL3 CELL4 CELL1 CELL2 CELL3 CELL4

TA 4
CELL3 CELL4

IMSI
MSISDN
GUTI=GUMMEI+M-TMSI
=MCC+MNC+MMEI+M-TMSI

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Location Information Storage

MME IP address
HSS

Tracking Area list


MME1 MME2 Tracking Area ID
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identity

Tracking Area list


Tracking Area ID

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Identifiers and corresponding legacy
IDs
 Service related
 APN (Access Point Name)

APN = APN-NI + APN-OI

APN-NI:determined by operators

APN-OI:mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC>.gprs

 An APN example:

4GNET.MNC012.MCC462.GPRS

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Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management

2.2 Security

2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

2.4 Policy & Charging Control

2.5 Selection Functions

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Security Function
2G 3G EPC

Authentication Single-directional bi-directional bi-directional authentication


authentication authentication
Security vectors Triplet (RAND, Quintet (RAND, New EPS security vectors
SRES, and Kc) XRES, CK, IK, (RAND, AUTN, XRES, and
and AUTN) KASME). The UMTS and EPS
authentication vectors are
separated.
Integrity No Yes Yes
protection
SIM compatibility N/A Yes Compatible to USIM
Layered security No No Provides protection for the
architecture NAS layer and the AS layer
separately.

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EPS Security Architecture

UE MME
NAS Ciphering/integrity

NAS NAS
eNodeB

RRC Ciphering/integrity
RRC RRC

UP Ciphering
PDCP
PDCP

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Authentication Vector
 EPS authentication quaternary
 RAND: Random Challenge

 AUTN: Authentication Token

 XRES: Expected Response

 KASME: Key for calculating other keys

KASME: Key for Access Security Management Entity

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Keys in EPS
 Key hierarchy in E-UTRAN

USIM / AuC K K: root key

CK, IK located in USIM card and


UE / HSS configured in HSS
KASME
UE / MME
KNASenc KNASint

KeNB / NH

UE / eNB

KUPenc KRRCint KRRCenc

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Authentication Procedure

MME HSS

1. Authentication data request


(IMSI, SNI, type)
2. Authentication data response
(RAND, AUTN, XRES, KASME)

3. User authentication request (RAND, AUTN)

4. User authentication response (RES)

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NAS/AS Security Mode Procedure

eNodeB MME

1. NAS security mode command

2. NAS security mode complete

1. AS security mode command

2. AS security mode complete

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Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management

2.2 Security

2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

2.4 Policy & Charging Control

2.5 Selection Functions

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EPS QoS coverage
 The EPS only covers QoS requirements for the traffic within
the EPS, that is, between UE and PDN GW

EPS QoS Non-EPS


QoS

UE eNB Serving
GW
PDN
GW
internet

SLA

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QoS for EPS Bearers

 EPS Bearer established between UE and P-GW.

 EPS Bearer = Radio Bearer + S1 Bearer + S5/S8 Bearer

 Traffic flow and bearer is associated and mapped with TFT,and TFT associate with RB-
Id in Radio side and with TEID in CN side.

 It is UE to associate UL Traffic and TFT and is PGW to associate DL Traffic and TFT.

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Simplified QoS parameters of Bearer
4 TC+13 QoS Parameter QCI + ARP
Traffic class
Maximum bit rate
Delivery order
Maximum SDU size QCI ARP GBR MBR For GBR Bearer
SDU format information
SDU error ratio APN-AMBR
UE-AMBR
Residual bit error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs For Non-GBR bearer
Transfer delay
Guaranteed bit rate
Traffic handling priority
Allocation/Retention
priority (ARP)
Source statistics descriptor
Signaling indication

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Structured QoS in EPS

EPS Bearer
QoS

QCI ARP Bearer

GBR Non-GBR
Priority Delay Loss
MBR AMBR
GBR

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Subscribed QoS
 Pre-EPS
 QoS is subscribed in HLR

 EPS
 QoS is subscribed in HSS and PCRF

 HSS for default bearers

 PCRF for dedicated bearers

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QoS Parameters – QCI
 QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
 Value range 1~9

 Each EPS bearer is assigned with a QCI

 QCI determines what user plane treatment the IP packets


transported on a given bearer should receive

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Standardized QCI
Packet Packet
Resource
QCI Priority Delay Error Loss Example Services
Type
Budget Rate
1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)


GBR
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
Non-Conversational Video (Buffered
4 5 300 ms 10-6
Streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
Video (Buffered Streaming)
6 6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
300 ms 10-6
p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Non-GBR Voice,
7 7 Video (Live Streaming)
100 ms 10-3
Interactive Gaming
8 8 Video (Buffered Streaming)
300 ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
9 9 p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)

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Standardized QCI
GBR Bearer Non-GBR Bearer
QoS QoS

AMBR

QCI ∈ [1,4] QCI ∈ [5,9]

ARP = Priority Level + Pre-emption Capability + Pre-emption Vulnerability

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QoS Parameters – ARP
 Allocation/Retention Priority (ARP)
 The ARP should be understood as "Priority of Allocation and
Retention"; not as "Allocation, Retention, and Priority".

 The ARP specifies the control plane treatment a bearer should


receive
 priority level (scalar)

 pre-emption capability (flag)

 pre-emption vulnerability (flag)

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QoS Parameters – GBR & non-GBR
 GBR and non-GBR bearers
 GBR bearers
 A bearer with an associated GBR means that a certain amount of
bandwidth is reserved for this bearer, independently of whether it
is utilized or not.

 QCI, ARP, GBR (Guaranteed bit rate), MBR (Maximum bit rate)

 Non-GBR bearers
 A non-GBR bearer does not have a fixed bandwidth allocated and
there is thus no guarantee for how much traffic it can carry

 QCI, ARP, AMBR (Aggregated maximum bit rate)

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QoS Parameters – AMBR
 AMBR – aggregated maximum bit rate, only used for non-
GBR bearers
 APN-AMBR (uplink & downlink)
 defines the total bit rate that is allowed to be used for all non-GBR
bearers associated with a specific APN.

 Enforced by PDN GW

 UE-AMBR (uplink & downlink)


 per subscriber and defines the total bit rate allowed to be
consumed for all non-GBR bearers of a UE.

 Enforced by eNodeB

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Internetworking With Other Accesses
 Internetworking with GERAN/UTRAN (3GPP 23.401)
 EPS ARP  G/U ARP (multi – one mapping)

 EPS GBR & MBR mapped one-to-one (GBR bearers only)

 EPS APN-AMBR  G/U MBR (without GBR)

 EPS QCI  G/U Traffic class/QoS parameters (3GPP 23.401)

 QoS aspects when interworking with other accesses


 APN-AMBR is enforced by PDN GW for all accesses

 QCI/ARP  access-specific QoS parameters

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management

2.2 Security

2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

2.4 Policy & Charging Control

2.5 Selection Functions

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Introduction to PCC
 Description of PCC
 PCC provides operators with advanced tools for service-aware
QoS and charging control

 PCC enables a centralized control to ensure the service


sessions

 PCC also provides the means to control charging on a per-


service basis

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Architecture of PCC

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Function of PCRF
 Gating
 Gating control is the capability to block or to allow IP packets
belonging to IP flow(s) for a certain service.

 The PCRF makes the gating decisions which are then enforced
by the PCEF.

 QoS Control
 QoS control allows the PCRF to provide the PCEF with the
authorized QoS for the IP flow(s), like bit rate and QoS class.

 The PCEF performs bit rate enforcement to ensure that a


certain service session does not exceed its authorized QoS.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Function of PCRF
 Flow Based Charging
 Charging method
 Online/Offline

 Charging characteristic
 Flat rate/hot-billing/normal

 For content base charging


 Flow ID (cbbid)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
2. Key Concepts

2.1 Mobility Management & Session Management

2.2 Security

2.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

2.4 Policy & Charging Control

2.5 Selection Functions

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


MME Selection
 eNodeB Select MME
 When an eNodeB selects an MME, the selection shall achieve
load balancing

 MME Selection another MME


 The DNS data is used to select an MME based on the TAI
during the intra-LTE Handover process

 The DNS data is used to select an MME based on the GUTI


during the intra-LTE Attach/TAU process .

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


S-GW Selection
 S-GW Selection Criterion
 The selection bases on network topology, i.e. the selected
Serving GW serves the UE's location
 DNS select an S-GW based on the TAI during the
Attach/TAU/Handover procedure.

 the MME should use Weight Factors returned by DNS if load


balancing is required

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Selection
 P-GW Selection Criterion
 a static PDN GW is selected by either having the APN
configured to map to a given PDN GW

 The DNS data is used to select a P-GW based on the APN


during the Attach/PDN connection setup procedure.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
1. EPS Overview

2. Key Concepts

3. Signaling & Protocols

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.1 Protocols & Interfaces


3.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

3.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)

3.1.3 Diameter, and related Diameter Applications

3.1.4 S1-AP and Non-access stratum (NAS)

3.1.5 Others

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Interfaces in EPS (3GPP Access)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
 GTP is divided into two parts: GTP-C and GTP-U
 GTP-C: GTPv0, GTPv1, GTPv2 (EPS only)

 GTP-U: GTPv0, GTPv1

 Function of GTP
 Mobility management: RAU/TAU/etc.

 Tunnel management create/modify/delete

 Service specific functions MBMS/CS fallback

 System maintenance path management/error


handling/etc.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
 An overview of GTP tunnel
GTP-U Tunnel for subscriber 1 (2 Mbps)
GTP-U Tunnel for subscriber 2 (7.2 Mbps)
GTP-U Tunnel for subscriber 3 (3 Mbps)
eNodeB …… S-GW
GTP-U Tunnel for subscriber M (x Mbps)

GTP-C Tunnel for subscriber 1


GTP-C Tunnel for subscriber 2
GTP-C Tunnel for subscriber 3

MME …… S-GW
GTP-C Tunnel for subscriber N

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP-based Interfaces Control Plane
 In EPS only
 MME ↔ MME (S10)

 MME ↔ Serving GW (S11)

 Serving GW ↔ PDN GW (S5/S8)

 Interwork with 2G/3G


 SGSN ↔ MME (S3)

 SGSN ↔ Serving GW (S4)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP-based Interfaces Control Plane
MME
PLMN 1
S11
eNodeB
S10 S5

S11 S-GW P-GW


eNodeB

MME S8
eNodeB

PLMN 2 P-GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP-based Interfaces User Plane
 In EPS only
 eNodeB ↔ Serving GW (S1-U)

 Serving GW ↔ PDN GW (S5/S8)

 Interworking with 2G/3G


 SGSN ↔ Serving GW (S4)

 UTRAN ↔ Serving GW (S12)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP-based Interfaces User Plane
 In EPS only
 UE ↔ eNodeB ↔ Serving GW ↔ PDN GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


GTP-based Interfaces User Plane
MME
PLMN 1
S1-U
eNodeB
S5
S1-U
S-GW P-GW
eNodeB
S1-U
MME S8
eNodeB

PLMN 2 P-GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.1 Protocols & Interfaces


3.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

3.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)

3.1.3 Diameter, and related Diameter Applications

3.1.4 S1-AP and Non-access stratum (NAS)

3.1.5 Others

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6)
 Serving GW – PDN GW (S5/S8)

 Trusted non-3GPP IP access – PDN GW (S2a)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.1 Protocols & Interfaces


3.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

3.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)

3.1.3 Diameter, and related Diameter Applications

3.1.4 S1-AP and Non-access stratum (NAS)

3.1.5 Others

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Diameter Protocol
 Originated from Radius (which is used for AAA)
 Use AVP (Attribute Value Pairs) to carry information

 Two levels:
 Diameter base protocol (RFC 3588)

 Diameter applications

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Diameter Protocol
 Diameter defined 3 roles for a node
 Client request a service from server

 Server response the request from clients

 Agent examine the requests and determine the target

 Diameter AVPs

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Diameter-based Interfaces
S6a
MME
HSS
S6d
SGSN

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Diameter-based Interfaces
Diameter Diameter
protocol protocol
application application
Diameter Diameter
PCRF
base protocol base protocol

Gxc TCP TCP


Gx

IP IP

S-GW P-GW
L2/L1 L2/L1

Gx/Gxc PCRF
PGW/SGW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.1 Protocols & Interfaces


3.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

3.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)

3.1.3 Diameter, and related Diameter Applications

3.1.4 S1-AP and Non-access stratum (NAS)

3.1.5 Others

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


S1-AP based Interface
 S1-AP is only used in S1-MME
interface
S1-MME
 Support procedures between
eNodeB and MME

 S1-AP relies on a reliable eNodeB MME

transport mechanism and is


designed to run on top of SCTP

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


NAS (Non-access Stratum)
 Function of NAS (Between UE and MME)
 EPS Mobility Management

 EPS Session Management

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.1 Protocols & Interfaces


3.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

3.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)

3.1.3 Diameter, and related Diameter Applications

3.1.4 S1-AP and Non-access stratum (NAS)

3.1.5 Others

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SGi Interface

AAA Server

SGi
Internet
P-GW Intranet

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Subscriber State Management
 Subscriber state
 EMM: EPS Mobility Management
 EMM-DEREGISTERED

 EMM-REGISTERED

 ECM: EPS Connection Management


 ECM-IDLE

 ECM-CONNECTED

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


EMM State

Detach,
Attach Reject,
TAU reject,
E-UTRAN interface switched off due to Non-3GPP handover,
All bearers deactivated

EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED EMM state in UE


Attach accept

Detach,
Attach Reject,
TAU reject,
All bearers deactivated

EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED EMM state in MME


Attach accept
TAU accept for a UE selecting
E-UTRAN from GERAN/UTRAN

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


ECM State

RRC connection
released

ECM-IDLE ECM-CONNECTED ECM state in UE


RRC connection
established

S1 connection
released
ECM-IDLE ECM-CONNECTED ECM state in MME
S1 connection
established

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Summary for MM/SM States

EPS EPS
UE state 2G/PS 3G
EMM ESM
PMM- EMM-
Power off IDLE ECM-IDLE
detached Deregistered
EMM-
Standby Standby PMM-idle ECM-IDLE
Registered
PMM- EMM-
PS service Ready ECM-Connected
connected Registered

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


MM and EPS Bearer Context
Subscription
MM context
MME HSS information
EPS bearer EPS bearer
context Subscription
context

ICP/ISP
internet
MM context S-GW P-GW

EPS bearer EPS bearer Signaling


EPS bearer
context context context Data

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


A Summary of Procedures in EPC
 Key procedures in EPC
Authentication, security and Session Management, QoS and
location management interaction with PCC functionality
Attach Dedicated bearer activation
Detach Dedicated bearer modification
TAU (Tracking Area Update) Dedicated bearer deactivation
UE requested bearer resource
Service Request
modification
S1 Release UE requested PDN connectivity
Handover(based on X2 interface) UE requested PDN disconnection
Handover(based on S1 interface) MME requested PDN disconnection
Security

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Attach Procedure
 Function of attach procedure:
 The UE register to the EPS network.

 The always-on IP connectivity for UE/users of the EPS is


enabled by establishing a default EPS bearer during Network
Attachment.

 The MM context and EPS bearer context will be created in the


MME and UE. The EPS bearer context will be created in S-GW
and P-GW.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Attach Procedure

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS S-GW P-GW


1. Attach request

2. Identification req/rsp
3. Identity req/rsp

4. Security function

5. Update location request

6. Cancel location /Ack


7. Update location Ack

8. Create session request


9. Create session request
10. Create session response
11. Create session response

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Attach Procedure

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS S-GW P-GW

12. Initial Context Setup Request / Attach Accept

13. RRC Connection Reconfiguration / Complete

14. Initial Context Setup Response


15. Direct Transfer

16. Attach complete


17. Modify Bearer Request / Response

Uplink and downlink data

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Detach Procedure
 The detach procedure is used in the following scenarios:
 A UE is detached from the EPS service.

 A UE is disconnected from the last PDN connection.

 The network informs a UE that the UE cannot access to the


EPS.

 A UE can be detached explicitly or implicitly.


 Explicit detach

 Implicit detach

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


UE Initiated Detach Procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

1. Detach request

2. Delete session request

3. Delete session response


4. Delete session request

5. Delete session response

6. Detach accept
7. Signaling connection release

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


S1-Release Procedure
 Release the S1-AP & S1-U connections
 Before S1-release

MME

eNodeB S-GW P-GW

 After S1-release
MME

eNodeB S-GW P-GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


S1-Release Procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW


1. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Request
2. Release Access Bearers
Request/Response

3. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Response


4. RRC connection release

1. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Complete

S1-release
1. By eNodeB when UE_Inactive_Timer expires (60s by default)
2. By eNodeB OAM command
3. By MME OAM command

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Service Request Procedure
 Service request procedure
 Establish S1-AP connection and S1-U bearers

 Initiated by:
 UE triggered (stand along service request)

 Network triggered (paging + service request)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Service Request Procedure
 UE triggered service request procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW HSS


1. NAS: Service Request

2. Authentication / Security
3. S1-AP: Initial Context Setup Request

4. Radio bearer establishment

5. Uplink data

6. S1-AP: Initial Context Setup Complete


7. Modify Bearer Request

8. Modify Bearer Response


9. Downlink data

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Service Request Procedure
 Network triggered service request procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


1. Downlink data
2. Downlink data notification
Downlink data notification ack
3. paging

4. Service Request Procedure

Downlink data

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN


3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
TAU Procedure

S-GW2
S-GW1

MME1 MME2 MME3

TA list 1 TA list 2 TA list 3 TA list 4

Periodic TAU Inter MME TAU with


SGW change

Intra MME TAU Inter MME TAU without


SGW change

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Inter TAU without SGW change

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS S-GW P-GW


1. TAU request
2. Context request
3. Context response

4. Security function

5. Context Ack

6. Modify bearer request


7. Modify bearer request

8. Modify bearer response


9. Modify bearer response

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Inter TAU without SGW change

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS S-GW P-GW

10. Update location request

11. Cancel location

12. Cancel location Ack

13. Update location Ack

14. TAU accept

15. TAU complete

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Inter TAU with SGW change

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS New S-GW


Old S-GW P-GW
1. TAU request

2. Context request
3. Context response

4. Security function

5. Context Ack

6. Create Session request


7. Modify bearer request

8. Modify bearer response

9. Create Session response

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Inter TAU with SGW change

eNodeB New MME Old MME HSS New S-GW


Old S-GW P-GW

10. Update location request

11. Cancel location

12. Cancel location Ack

13. Update location Ack

14. Delete bearer request


16. TAU accept
15. Delete bearer response
17. TAU complete

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)


3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Handover procedure
 Handover procedure types
 Intra-E-UTRAN handover (handover in EPS)
 X2-based handover (MME unchanged)

 S1-based handover (MME/Serving GW can be relocated)

Only performed when X2 interfaces are unavailable

 Inter RAT handover (LTE2G/3G/CDMA/WiMax/WLAN…)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


X2-based Handover

S-eNodeB T-eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


Downlink and uplink data
Handover Preparation
Handover Forwarding data
Execution
Downlink data Handover Completion
Uplink data
1. Path Switch Request
2. Modify Bearer Request/Response
Downlink data
3. End Marker

4. Path Switch Request Ack


5. Release Resource

6. Tracking Area Update Procedure

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


S1-based Handover
 S1-based handover
 Used when no connectivity between two eNodeBs

 General steps for S1-based handover:


 Create forwarding tunnel between source eNodeB and target
eNodeB

 Data forwarding

 Create data tunnel for user traffic

 TAU in new tracking area (if necessary)

 Release the forwarding tunnels

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PGW
S1-based Handover
 Before handover S-SGW
T-SGW

T-MME S-MME

signaling
Data packet T-ENB S-ENB

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PGW
S1-based Handover
 Create uplink S-SGW
T-SGW
tunnel
4. Create Session
Request / response
T-MME S-MME

3. Forward
Relocation 2. Handover
Request Required
5. Handover
Request/ACK

signaling
T-ENB S-ENB

1. Decision to trigger a
relocation via S1

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PGW
S1-based Handover
 Create S-SGW
T-SGW
forwarding 8. Create Indirect
Data Forwarding Tunnel
tunnel Request/response
6. Create Indirect
Data Forwarding Tunnel T-MME S-MME
Request/response

7. Forward
Relocation
Response

signaling 9. Handover
Command
T-ENB S-ENB

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PGW
S1-based Handover
10. Data forwarding
 Data transfer S-SGW
T-SGW

T-MME S-MME

signaling
User data path T-ENB S-ENB
data path for 11. Handover Detach from
forwarding Confirm old cell

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


PGW
S1-based Handover
15. Modify Bearer
 Create Request/Response S-SGW
T-SGW
downlink 14/16. Modify
Bearer
tunnel Request/
Response
T-MME S-MME

13. Forward
Relocation
Complete
Notification /
12. Handover Acknowledge
notify
signaling
User data path T-ENB S-ENB
Perform TAU
Procedure

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure


3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Session Management Procedure
 EPS bearer management procedure
 Bearer activation procedure

 Bearer modification procedure

 Bearer deactivation procedure

 PDN connection management procedure (UE support for


multiple PDN connections):
 UE requested PDN connectivity procedure

 UE or MME requested PDN disconnection procedure

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Dedicated Bearer Activation

MME

eNodeB S-GW P-GW

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer

Default Default
bearer bearer

1 Default bearer is for web browsing


2 MS make VoIP call, So P-GW Initiated Dedicated
Bearer Activation

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Dedicated Bearer Activation
 To create one dedicated bearer which has different QoS
and TFT with the existing bearer to meet the requirement of
new service.

 Bearer activation procedure includes:

 P-GW initiated dedicated bearer activation procedure

 UE requested bearer resource modification

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated Dedicated Bearer
Activation

UE eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


PCRF or PCEF initiate IP-
CAN session modification
1. Create bearer request
2. Create bearer request

•2 MME allocate EPS bearer ID; QoS parameter mapping for 2G/3G MS;
•Construct SM message(PTI, TFT, QoS,PCO).

3. Bearer Setup Request / Session management request

•3 maps the EPS Bearer QoS to the Radio Bearer QoS;


•signals a RRC Connection Reconfiguration

4. RRC Connection Reconfiguration

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated Dedicated Bearer
Activation

UE eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

5. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

• links the dedicated bearer to the default;


•Uses UL TFT to map the radio bearer

6. Bearer Setup Response


7. Direct Transfer
8. Session management response

9. Create bearer response


10. Create bearer response

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


UE Requested Bearer Resource
Modification
 Function
 allows the UE to request for a modification of bearer resources
(e.g. allocation or release of resources) for one traffic flow . If
accepted by the network, the request invokes either the
Dedicated Bearer Activation /Modification/ Deactivation
Procedure.
 To request a change of the GBR without changing the packet
filter(s),

 To modification packet filters used for an active traffic flow


aggregate according to TAD.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


UE Requested Bearer Resource
Modification

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

1. Request Bearer Resource Modification


2. Bearer Resource Command
3. Bearer Resource Command

•4. Dedicated bearer activation; or


•Bearer modification procedure; or
•Bearer deactivation procedure.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page147
Dedicated Bearer Modification
 Function: To modify QOS,AMBR,TFT of dedicated bearer
etc.

 Three situation of dedicated bearer modification:


 PDN GW initiated bearer modification with bearer QoS update
 when one or several of the EPS Bearer QoS parameters QCI,
GBR, MBR or ARP are modified

 PDN GW initiated bearer modification without bearer QoS


update
 update the TFT for an active bearer, or to modify the APN-AMBR.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Dedicated Bearer Update with or
without QoS
 The difference of two procedure.
 QCI or GBR or MBR or ARP change initiate Dedicated Bearer
Update with QoS
 E-RAB modify

 TFT or APN-AMBR change initiate Dedicated Bearer Update


without QoS
 E-RAB doesn’t modify

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification
With QoS Update

•E-RAB
•S1 bearer
•modify •S5/S8 bearer
•modify
modify

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer
eNodeB S-GW P-GW
Case A:
1 MS download FTP files
2 After finishing FTP service, MS initiates streaming
service with the same QCI&ARP before the dedicated Case B:
bearer age , So P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification With PCRF operation
QoS Update

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P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification
Without QoS Update

MME
•S1 bearer
modify •S5/S8 bearer
modify

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer
eNodeB S-GW P-GW

1 MS initiates streaming service


2 Streaming server update port number of user
plane dynamically to keep streaming rate
consistency ,So P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification
Without QoS Update

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P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification
With QoS Update

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


PCRF or PCEF initiate IP-
CAN session modification
1. Update bearer request
• generates the TFT
•Update QoS
2. Update bearer request
•QoS mapping for 2G/3G MS
•service request may be initiated
3. Bearer Modify Request / Session management request
4. RRC Connection Reconfiguration
5. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
6. Bearer Modify Response

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P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification With
QoS Update (Cont.)

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

7. Direct Transfer
8. Session management response

9. Update bearer response


10. Update bearer response

•If only the QoS parameter ARP is


modified , Steps 5, 6, 8 and 9 is skipped

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated Bearer Modification
Without QoS Update

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW

1. Update bearer request


2. Update bearer request
3. Downlink NAS Transport
4. Direct Transfer
5. Direct Transfer
6. Uplink NAS Transport

7. Update bearer response


8. Update bearer response

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Dedicated Bearer Deactivation

•After bearer ages ,


•E-RAB S1/S5/S8 Bear is deactivation
release FTP
S-GW P-GW server

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer
eNodeB
Default
1 MS finish downloading FTP files . After bearer bearer
ages , dedicated bearer is deactivation. So P-GW
Initiated Dedicated Bearer Deactivation.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated All Bearer Deactivation

•E-RAB S1/S5/S8 Bear is


release OAM
deactivation

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer

Dedicated Dedicated
bearer bearer P-GW
eNodeB S-GW
Default
Command of all bearer deactivation is sent by bearer
OAM. So P-GW Initiated Dedicated Bearer
Deactivation(all bearer)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


P-GW Initiated Bearer Deactivation
 Function: deactivate a dedicated bearer or deactivate all
bearers belonging to a PDN address

 Trigger condition
 when handovers from 3GPP to non-3GPP, in which case, the
default bearer and all the dedicated bearers associated with
the PDN address are released, but the PDN address is kept in
the PDN GW.

 Bearer is released if there is no any date transmission until


that bearer age.

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P-GW Initiated Bearer Deactivation

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


1. Delete bearer request
2. Delete bearer request
3. Deactivate Bearer Request

4. RRC Connection Reconfiguration


5. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
6. Deactivate Bearer Response
7. Direct Transfer
8. Deactivate EPS Bearer Context Accept

9. Delete bearer response


10. Delete bearer response

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MME Initiated Bearer Deactivation

 Function: deactivates dedicated bearers. Default


bearers are not affected.
 Trigger condition
 When the eNodeB sends the Bearer Release Request (EPS
Bearer Identity) to the MME.

 MME Initiated Bearer Deactivation via OAM

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MME Initiated Bearer Deactivation

eNodeB MME S-GW


1. Delete bearer command
2. Delete bearer request
3. Delete Bearer Request
4. RRC Connection Reconfiguration
5. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
6. Deactivate Bearer Response
7. Direct Transfer
8. Deactivate EPS bearer context accept

9. Delete bearer response

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Dedicated Bearer Act/Mod/Deact
Summary
Case1-Stream1 requested QoS: Dedicated Bearer Activation
QCI=2,ARP=1,MBR=*k,GBR=*k

Case2-Stream2 requested QoS:


Dedicated Bearer Modification
QCI=1,ARP=1,MBR=200k,GBR=200k

Case3-there is no any stream Dedicated Bearer Deactivation


transmission until to bearer
aging

PGW Bearer:
QCI=1,ARP=1,MBR=100k,GBR=100k

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


UE Requested PDN Connectivity
Procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


1. PDN Connectivity Request
2. Create session request
3. Create session request
4. Create session response
5. Create session response
6. Bearer Setup Request / PDN Connectivity Accept
7. RRC Connection Reconfiguration
8. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
9. Bearer Setup Response
10. Direct Transfer
11. PDN Connectivity Complete First Uplink Data
12. Modify Bearer request
13. Modify Bearer request
14. Modify Bearer response
First Downlink Data 15. Modify Bearer response

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UE Requested PDN Connectivity
Procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


1. PDN Connectivity Request
2. Create session request
3. Create session request
4. Create session response
5. Create session response
6. Bearer Setup Request / PDN Connectivity Accept
7. RRC Connection Reconfiguration
8. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
9. Bearer Setup Response
10. Direct Transfer
11. PDN Connectivity Complete First Uplink Data
12. Modify Bearer request
13. Modify Bearer request
14. Modify Bearer response
First Downlink Data 15. Modify Bearer response

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


UE Requested PDN Disconnection
Procedure

eNodeB MME S-GW P-GW


1. PDN Disconnection Request
2. Delete Session Request
3. Delete Session Request
4. Delete session response
5. Delete session response
6. Deactivate Bearer Request
7. RRC Connection Reconfiguration

8. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete


9. Deactivate Bearer Response
10. Direct Transfer
11. Deactivate EPS Bearer Context Accept

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures


3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)

3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Voice over IMS
Gx:
1) QoS(QCI=1,GBR,ARP,Bandwidth=23k)
2) Charging-rule, Flow-Description
S1-C:
QoS(QCI=5, MME PCRF
ARP,) Rx:

eNodeB
⑤ 1) Media-Type=AUDIO
② 2) Codec-Data=G.723
① SAE-GW 3) Bandwidth=23k IMS CN
③ SIP signalling ④
Default bearer: SIP signalling IP backbone
UE Dedicated bearer: Voice media(QCI=1)
⑥ Voice media

1. UE initiates a request to MME.


2. MME tries to create a default bearer for IMS signaling, MME requests SAE-GW for bearer
establish
3. The UE requests an IMS session registration procedure to the local P-CSCF IMS, SIP is
used to inform the called UE information.
4. IMS tries to find the called UE.
5. IMS informs the PCRF with media flow QoS parameters, PCRF authorize SAE-GW to create
dedicated bearer with QoS and charging policies.
6. A dedicated bearer is created for voice traffic, now UE can talk.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SRVCC Solution

SRVCC solution assure the continuity of voice service when UE


move from LTE to 2/3G network.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


When does SRVCC Happen?
VCC(voice call continuity)
MME

SRVCC AS

IMS CN
SAE-GW Voice media flows

Callee
CS network party
LTE G/U network

Callee leg1(IMS)
handover
Callee leg2(CS)

UE move out of LTE coverage, UE handover from VoIMS to CS to make


voice call continuity.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


VCC Solution

Solution Description advantage disadvantage

ME only can receive or send Low cost for UE; Handover from LTE
one kind of wireless signal. Low requirement to 2/3G and session

Single When UE move from LTE to for UE; transfer cause


Radio 2/3G, VCC AS is anchor service interrupt.
between EPC and 2G/3G . Deploy E-MSC or
update MSC。

ME can receive or send two Service is not High cost for UE.
kind of wireless signal. UE interrupt. High requirement for
Dual Radio
can realize the voice UE.
continuity.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SRVCC Solution
•MME split bearer and initiate PS-CS handover or PS-PS handover.
•IMS session is anchored by SRVCC AS which initiate session transfer flow

Um/Uu Target Iu-cs/A


UE MSC Server
UTRAN/GERAN

Iu-ps/Gb
Sv
SGSN
S3
IMS Remote
MME
S6a leg
HSS

S1-MME S11

E-UTRAN Uu S1-U Serving/PDN SGi


UE E-UTRAN
GW

Session transfer Call signalling anchor


Bearer path before HO
Media Leg1
Bearer path after HO LTE
Calling Leg1
SIP signaling path before HO SRVCC AS Called Called Leg3
Access
Calling Leg2
GERAN
UMTS Media Leg2

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SRVCC key flows
---handover to UMTS/GERAN from LTE
Target
UE E-UTRAN MME MSC Server UTRAN/ SRVCC AS
GERAN

1.Measurement
Reports

2.Handover to UTRAN/GERAN
required

3.Initiates SRVCC for voice


component

4.Handles PS-PS HO 5.CS handover preparation


for non-voice if
6.IMS Service Continuity Procedure
needed

8.To eUTRAN
7.PS HO response to MME
Coordinates SRVCC
(CS resources)
9.Handover CMD and PS HO response

10.Handover
execution

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SRVCC from E-UTRAN to GERAN
without DTM support

Step1-2,
handover
trigger

Step3-
9,step13-14
Handover
preparation

Step10-12 session
transfer

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


SRVCC from E-UTRAN to GERAN
without DTM support

step15-17
Handover
execution

Step18 suspend
PS because
GERAN has no
DTM

Step19-22
handover
complete

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Contents
3. Signaling & Protocols

3.2 Procedures

3.2.1 Overview

3.2.2 Attach and Detach for E-UTRAN

3.2.3 Tracking Area Update (TAU)

3.2.4 Handover procedure

3.2.5 Bearer related procedures

3.2.6 Single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC)


3.2.7 CS fallback
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
CS Fallback
 UE register to CS through MME. When UE initiate voice call,
UE fallback 2G/3G network to access MSC.
MSC Server
Um/Uu Iu-cs/A

BS SGSN SGs
Iu/Gb HSS
Gn/S3 S6a

S1-C S11
Uu S1-U

eNB SAE-GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Combined GUL Attach
MSC Server
1. UE send Attach Request to
MME,attached type is
combined EPS/IMSI Attach
BSC/RNC SGSN 2 SGs 2. Location Update is
transferred between MME
MME
and MSC Server. After that,
UE register to MSC Server
and HLR
3. MME send attach accept to
1 UE in which LAI and TMSI is
1 included.
3
3
eNB SAE-GW

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CSFB MO Call
1. UE send Extended Service
4 MSC Server Request to MME and indicate
MME to execute CSFB
2. MME send S1-AP request to
eNB with CSFB indication
BSC/RNC SGSN SGs and require eNB to fallback
UE to 2G/3G
MME 3. eNB fallback UE to 2G/3G
3 with three method by PS HO,
NACC or RRC Release
4. UE send CM Service
1 Request to MSC Server after
1 fallback to 2G/3G and initiate
2 normal call

3
eNB SAE-GW

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


CSFB MT Call
1. MSC Server receive IAM
MSC Server message
6
1 2. MSC Server send Paging to
MME
3. MME send EPS paging in
TAI List which is covered by
BSC/RNC SGSN SGs LTE network
2
MME 4. UE send Extended Service
Request to MME as paging
5 response
5. eNB select one cell with PS
HO/NACC/RRC Release to
3 fallback UE to 2G/3G
4 6. After fallback to 2G/3G,UE
3 send Paging Response to
5 MSC server and initiate
4 normal call
5 eNB

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


CS Fallback Deployment
MSC Pool
Solution1: Depoly SGs MSC server per pool
MSC Server Solution2: Upgrade all MSCs Solution 1 Strengths 1. The live network is upgraded
on a small scale. Only one to
…… two MSC servers need to be
upgraded or newly deployed
for each MSC pool.
2. The solution can resolve the
problem of Roaming Retry.
Weaknesses The function of MSC pool must be
MME Pool
HSS supported.
Solution 2 Strengths The function of MSC pool does not
need support.
Weaknesses All the MSCs in the LTE coverage of
GW Pool the live network must be upgraded.
In addition, the network must be
upgraded to support the Roaming
Retry function.
Deployment principles
1. Deploy the MSC server and MME that support the SGs interface. Ensure that other network entities of the SAE are not affected.
2. Ensure the mapping between the TA and the LA to avoid execution of unnecessary LAU and Roaming Retry procedures during
CS Fallback.
3. For solution 1, you are advised to deploy a new pair of MSC servers of high capacity and high integration to provide the CS
fallback service.
4. For solution 2, the software is upgraded for only the MSC in the common coverage area of the LTE and 2G/3G networks where
the CS fallback service will be provided. You are advised to use the active plane and standby plane to upgrade the software in
turn and minimize the service interruption time.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Service Procedure of the Callee in the Connected
State - Not Supporting the PS Handover
eNodeB BSS/RNS MME MSC S-GW SGSN
UE/MS

1a. CS Paging Notification 1a. Paging Request


1a. Service Request
1b. Extended Service Request 1c. CS Paging Reject
1d. S1-AP message with CS Fallback indicator

2. Optional Measurement Report


3a. NACC, 3b. Signalling connection release
4. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Request

5. S1 UE Context Release

6. LA Update or Combined RA/LA Update or RA Update or LA Update and RA Update


7a. Suspend (see TS 23.060)
Suspend the
7b. Suspend Request / Response
PS service
8. Update bearer(s)
9. Paging Response
Option 1:
MSC is not
9a. Establish CS connection changed

9b. Signalling Connection Release 9b. Connection Reject


Option 2:
MSC is
9c. Roaming Retry for CS Fallback (clause 7.5) changed

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


CS Fallback Latency Analysis
• During the CS fallback procedure, the CSFB needs additional latency (that is, PS
HO/NACC/RRC Release)
eNodeB MME MSC SGSN Serving P-GW/
UE/MS BSS/RNS GW GGSN
1a. Extended Service Request
The UE initiates a call
1b. S1-AP Request message with CS Fallback indicator

1c. S1-AP Response message

2. Optional Measurement Report Solicitation

3a. PS HO as specified in 23.401 [2] (preparation phase and start of execution phase)

3b. Suspend
Additional 3c. Update Bearer(s)

latency 4a. Location Area Update or Combined RA/LA Update

4b. CM Service Request


4b. A/Iu-cs message (with CM Service Request)

5. CM Service Reject 5. CM Service Reject


If the MSC
is changed
Location Area Update or Combined RA/LA Update

Normal CS 6. CS call establishment procedure

procedure 7. PS HO as specified in 23.401 [2] (continuation of execution phase)

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


CS Fallback Latency Analysis
 CSFB to GERAN 
CSFB to UTRAN
RRC
GERAN PS HO Plain RRC
Latency (ms) RRC release
native case release Latency UTRAN PS HO RRC Release
(SIB cache)
0 100 100 100 (ms) native case Release (cached
Idle to active (E-UTRAN)
SIBs)
Extended service req. 0 150 150 150
Idle to active (E- 0 100 100 100
Measurement 0 2640 0 0
UTRAN)
PS HO 0 250 0 0
Extended service 0 150 150 150
RRC release 0 0 50 50
0 0 2600 600 req.
Camp/Access in GERAN Measurement 0 320 0 0
GERAN RRC connection 1000 0 1000 1000 PS HO 0 250 0 0
setup 0 0 50 50
RRC release
2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000
Camp/Access in 320 0 1530 250
NAS/E2E procedure (M-M)
UTRAN
Total 3000-6000 4890-7890 5900-8900 3900-6900
UTRAN RRC 750 0 750 750

connection setup

NAS/E2E 2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000

procedure (M-M)

Total 3070-6070 2820-5820 4580-7580 3300-6300

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Comparison between the SRVCC and
CSFB
Highlight SRVCC CSFB

Coverage Supports LTE + IMS hot spot Provides PS services within the
coverage and provides voice and LTE coverage, and voice
data services. services within the 2G/3G
coverage.
Trigger condition Triggered when a subscriber Triggered when the subscriber
moves from a location within the uses the CS service.
LTE coverage to a location within
the 2G/3G coverage.
The MME Queries the DNS according to the Configures the MSC IP statically
addresses the MSC. Target ID. according to the Target TAI.
Target ID -> hostname -> IP Target TAI -> LAI -> VLR NO. ->
MSC IP
Voice indicator in SRVCC indicator CSFB indicator
the extended
service request.
Attach type EPS attach Combined IMSI/EPS attach

UE settings SRVCC preferred CSFB preferred

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Comparison between the SRVCC and
CSFB
Highlight SRVCC CSFB
Network Requires the IMS, and uses Uses the CS to implement
deployment the IMS and CS to implement voice services.
voice services.
Upgrades the MME/E-MSC to Upgrades the MME/E-MSC
support the Sv interface. to support the SGs interface.

Upgrades the HSS to support Null


theSTR-SN and C-MSISDN.

• STR-SN handover number: The SRVCC/IWF uses the number as the


called number for routing to the SRVCC AS.
• C–MSISDN: The SRVCC AS uses the number to associate the CS
session with the original IMS session.

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Summary
 The EPC network is composed of:
 MME, S-GW, P-GW

 Function of each

 The main working principle of EPC network are:


 Mobility management procedure

 Session management procedure

 Voice service, SRVCC and CSFB

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Thank you
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