Carlyle Begay
American Indian Health Management Policy
Phone: (602) 206-7992
Email: cbegay@aihmp.com
Wound Healing Model
• DFUs that persist more than 4 weeks have 5-fold higher risk of infection.1
• Development of an infection in a foot ulcer increases the risk for
hospitalization 55.7 times and the risk for amputation 155 times.1
• “Infected neuropathic ulcerations are the leading cause of diabetes-related
partial foot amputations at the Phoenix Indian Medical Center.”2
• Foot ulceration is a significant risk factor for lower-extremity amputation
in Native American Indians.3
1. Lavery et al. Risk Factors for Foot Infections in Individuals With Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288-93.
2. Dannels E. Neuropathic foot ulcer prevention in diabetic American Indians with hallux limitus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1989;79:447-50.
3. Mayfield et al. A foot risk classification system to predict diabetic amputation in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:704-9.
Amputations are a serious predictor of death…
Consequences of Unhealed
Neuropathic Ulcers
unhealed neuropathic
within 5 years
• Ultra-sound debridement
• Oxygen Therapy
Initial Results
• March 1, 2006 thru June 30, 2007
– Average patient load per day: 11 - 14
– 3171 total patient visits
– 446 new patients
– 333 healed patients
• Staffing
• Clinician participation
16
14
12
Percent with Diabetes
10
0
White Black American Hispanic Other
Indian
70 60.7%
60
Percent with Foot Infection
50
40
30
20
10 0.07%
0
No Foot Ulcer Foot Ulcer
1. Boulton et al. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 2005;366:1719-24.
2. Lavery et al. Risk Factors for Foot Infections in Individuals With Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288-93.
Diabetes and Serious Complications: Neuropathy
"Diabetes is the leading cause of peripheral neuropathy globally."1
American Indians with diabetes have a greater risk (greater than 2
fold) for developing neuropathy when compared to the adult
insured US diabetic population.2
16.8%
Percent with Neuropathy
15
10 7.6%
0
Insured Americans with American Indians with
Diabetes Diabetes
1. Habib AA, Brannagan TH 3rd. Therapeutic strategies for diabetic neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010;10:92-100.
2. O’Connell et al. Racial Disparities in Health Status: A comparison of the morbidity among American Indian and U.S. adults
with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1463-70.
Complications of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
DFUs that persist more than 4 weeks have 5-fold higher risk of infection.1
Development of an infection in a foot ulcer increases the risk for
hospitalization 55.7 times and the risk for amputation 155 times.1
“Infected neuropathic ulcerations are the leading cause of diabetes-related
partial foot amputations at the Phoenix Indian Medical Center.”2
Foot ulceration is a significant risk factor for lower-extremity amputation in
Native American Indians.3
1. Lavery et al. Risk Factors for Foot Infections in Individuals With Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288-93.
2. Dannels E. Neuropathic foot ulcer prevention in diabetic American Indians with hallux limitus. J Am Podiatr
Med Assoc. 1989;79:447-50.
3. Mayfield et al. A foot risk classification system to predict diabetic amputation in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care.
1996;19:704-9.
Diabetes Burden in American Indians;
Lower Extremity Amputation
• The annual rate for a 1st lower extremity amputation in diabetic
Oklahoma Indians is 1.8%.1
• Risk of amputation is 18-times higher in diabetic American Indians
compared to the adult insured US diabetic population.2
2 1.8%
Percent with Amputation
1.5
0.5
0.1%
0
Insured Americans with American Indians with
Diabetes Diabetes
1. Lee JS, Lu M, Lee VS, Russell D, Bahr C, Lee ET: Lower extremity amputation. Incidence, risk factors, and mortality in
the Oklahoma Indian Diabetes Study. Diabetes. 1993;42:876-82.
2. O’Connell et al. Racial Disparities in Health Status: A comparison of the morbidity among American Indian and U.S.
adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1463-70.
Healing Neuropathic Ulcers:
Results of a Meta-analysis
Weighted Mean Healing Rates
Note: This consensus statement also was reviewed and endorsed by the American Podiatric Association.
Consensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, MA. American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes Care. 1999;22(8):1354-1360.
Continuing Research: Healing of
Diabetic Foot Ulcers After 4 Weeks
N=133 N=117
To:
34.09 days to heal
*Dermagraft
Cost of Diabetes and Wound Care
$174 billion: Total costs of diagnosed
diabetes in the United States in 20071
32
Healed Patients
9908 -2 -142 42
9420-2 -7 -240 70
Treatment Day(s)