Water Filter dubai

Water Purification
Whole house water filter
Aqua filter
Aqua water purifier

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Drinking Water Treatment

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Intakes

Surface Water

Reservoirs

Groundwater

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Aeration: The water is mixed to liberate dissolved gases and to
suspended particles in the water column.

Flocculation: The materials and particles present in drinking water (clay,

organic material, metals, microorganisms) are often quite small and so will not
settle out from the water column without assistance. To help the settling
process along, "coagulating" compounds are added to the water, and
suspended particles "stick" to these compounds and create large and heavy
clumps of material.

Filtration: The water is run through a series of filters which trap and
remove particles still remaining in the water column. Typically, beds of sand or
charcoal are used to accomplish this task.

Disinfection: The water, now largely free of particles and microorganisms,

is treated to destroy any remaining disease-causing pathogens. This is
commonly done with chlorination or ultraviolet radiation.

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 Initial Treatment

90 – 99% viruses

screens Sedimentation Filtration

(flocculation)

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 Final Treatment

Disinfection and Fluoridation

Chlorine Gas Sodium Fluoride (NaF)

Hypochlorite Sodium fluorosilicate

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Home Water Quality

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Florida’s Drinking Water

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Confined Aquifer

Pumped well

Plio-pliestocene (sands)

Miocene (clays)
Eocene Limestone

Limestone

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Potential Problems:
• Hardness
• Iron + manganese
• Sulfur (sulfides)
• Salt/Salinity
• Pathogens (bacteria/viruses)
• Metals
• Organics
Can be toxic or nuisance contaminants

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Nuisance Contamination

Hardness
Iron
Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste

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 Calcium Deposits
Hardness
Calcium + Magnesium
Classification mg/l or ppm
Soft 0 - 17.1
Slightly hard 17.1 - 60
Moderately hard 60 - 120
Hard 120 - 180
Very Hard 180 & over

Soap scum, scale, cooking problems

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 Hardness Treatment
Water softeners 35 gal/day/person

Hard water

Cation
Exchange
Resin

Soft water

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 Cation Exchange Resins

Ca2+, Mg2+
Na Na Na
Na Na
Na Na Mg2+ Na
Na Na Na
Na Neg. Charge Na Neg charge
Ca2+
Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na

4 Na+
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Water Hardness and Soap Scum

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 Soap/Detergent

SO4-
SO4-
SO4-

Oil drop
(C,H,O)

SO4- SO4-

SO4-
SO4-
SO4-
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 Sodium dodecylsulfate

Extremely soluble

Na+ -SO
4

-SO
4
Ca+2 +
-SO
4

Less soluble

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Harmful Contaminants

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 Drinking Water
Potable Water

Free of
• Pathogens
• Harmful Minerals/Metals
• Organic Chemicals

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 Toxicity

Acute Toxicity Within 48 hours

Chronic Toxicity • Long term

• Frequent exposure
• Small amounts
• Pb, As, Hg

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Contaminants

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 Heavy Metals

Metal MCL (mg/L)

Lead 0.05
Silver 0.05
Mercury 0.0002

MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level

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 Other Metals
Trace Metals required metabolic catalysts

Manganese
Iron
Cobalt Toxicity = > 40 x requirement
Copper
Zinc
Molybdenum
Chromium

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 Nitrates

NO3- MCL = 10 mg/L

Agriculture
Organic Waste Disposal

bacteria
NO3 - NO2-
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that does not bind oxygen.

Infants under 6 months are particularly susceptible

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 Pathogens

Coliform bacteria MCL < 1 bacterium / 100 ml

(fecal contamination)

Non-coliform bacteria MCL < 200 bacteria / 100 ml

Single required test: Sanitary Quality

Suggested test: mineral/metal content

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 Treatment
Sanitation/Disinfection

Chlorination Most common

Boiling

UV Radiation

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Ultraviolet Radiation

Scrambled DNA
Bacteria
Viruses
Mold
Yeast
Algae

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Home Treatment

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 Water Filters

Ceramic Filtration
Ion Exchange
Carbon

3-stage water filtration

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 Ion Exchange Filters

Metals

Pb2+, Hg2+
Na Na Na
Na Na
Na Na Pb2+ Na
Na Na Na
Na Neg. Charge Na Neg charge
Hg2+
Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na

Finite Capacity
4 Na+
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 Most Common Filtration

Solid Carbon Block faucet mount filters

The solid carbon block faucet mount filters are reasonably effective in
reducing contaminants.

These filters, by nature, are quite smalland because filter effectiveness is

dependent on contact time of the water with the filter media, a larger, high-quality
solid carbon block filter will be more effective at reducing contaminants at the
same flow rate.

a high-quality solid block activated carbon replacement filter will filter water for
between 7 and 10 cents per gallon. 2 gallons of filtered water per day would cost
between $50 and $100 per year

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 Activated Carbon
Activation by heating

Extremely porous with high surface area: 500 m2/g

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 Activated Carbon
Filtration

Particle size removal > 0.5 microns (bacteria, fungi)

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 Activated Carbon

Absorption: spontaneous movement of primarily

organic contaminants from water to
carbon matrix.

Pesticides, volatile organics

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Carbon Filter Removal
Ethylbenzene
Monochlorobenzene
2,4-D MTBE
2.4.5-TP (Silvex) O-Dichlorobenzene
Alachlor P-Dichlorobenzene
Atrazine Styrene
Carbofuran Tetrachloroethene
Chlordane Toluene
Endrin Trichloroethene
VOCs
Heptachlor Epoxide
Lindane Antidepressants
Methoxychlor Steroids/Hormones
Simazine Prednisone,
Toxaphene Prednisolone,
Benzene Progesterone,
Carbon Tetrachloride Testosterone,
Chlorobenzene Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
Antibiotics

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Reverse Osmosis
Extremely Effective

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 Osmosis
Net movement of water

Salt molecule
Spontaneous
movement
of water
No salts

Membrane permeable to
Water only

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 Reverse Osmosis

Purified water
pressure

Membrane permeable to
Water only

Contaminants to drain
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Drawbacks:

Energy intensive
Saline/contaminant by-product
inefficient: high volume reject water

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 Activated Carbon Filters

Chlorine Tastes Organics

Odors

Ion Exchange Resins

Removal of charged
Contaminants (metals)

Reverse Osmosis
Sediments, viruses, bacteria, dissolved solutes
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What about Bottled Water?

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 The global consumption of bottled water reached
41 billion gallons in 2004, up 57 percent in just five years.

In 2007, US consumers purchased more

than 33 billion liters of bottled water
More than 5 trillion gallons of bottled water is shipped internationally each year.

Supplying Americans with plastic water bottles for one

year consumes more than 47 million gallons of oil

According to a NRDC study, U.S. consumers paid between 240

and 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than for tap water

For the price of one bottle of Evian, Americans

can receive 1,000 gallons of tap water

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The energy required to produce 33 billion liters is equivalent to 32-54 million barrels of oil
 What’s the Source?

More than 25 percent of bottled water

comes from a public source.
National Resource Defense Council

If water is packaged as "purified" or "drinking water,"

It likely originated from a municipal water supply, and
unless the water has been “substantially” altered,
it must state on the label that the water comes
from a municipal source.

Both Aquafina (Pepsi) and Dasani (Coca-Cola)

originate from municipal water systems

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Artesian water, groundwater, spring water, well water - water from an
underground aquifer which may or may not be treated. Well water and artesian
water are tapped through a well. Spring water is collected as it flows
spontaneously to the surface or via a borehole. Ground water can be either.

Distilled water - steam from boiling water is recondensed and bottled.

Distilling water kills microbes and removes water’s natural minerals

Drinking water – water intended for human consumption and sealed in bottles
or other containers with no ingredients except that it may optionally contain safe
and suitable disinfectants. Fluoride may be added within limitations

Purified water - water that originates from any source but has been treated to meet
the U.S. Pharmacopeia definition of purified water. Purified water is essentially free
of all chemicals. Reverse osmosis is often used.

Other terms used on the label about the source, such as “glacier water” or “mountain
water," are not regulated standards of identity and may not indicate that the water is
necessarily from a pristine area
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 Is it safe?
Most bottled water appears to be safe.
(NRDC independent testing of 1000 bottles)

EPA sets standards for tap water provided by public water

systems; the Food and Drug Administration sets bottled
water standards based on EPA's tap water standards

Most bottled water is treated more than tap water;

however, some is treated less or not treated at all .

About 22 percent of the brands tested by NRDC contained,

in at least one sample, some chemical contaminant

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 PET
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles

phthalates
known to disrupt testosterone and other hormones,
can leach into bottled water overtime.

One study found that water that had been stored for 10 weeks in
plastic bottles contained phthalates, suggesting that the chemicals
could be coming from the bottle, the plastic cap or the liner

It also appears possible that some as-yet unidentified

chemicals in plastics have the potential to interfere
with estrogen and other reproductive hormones
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 Antimony
Royal Society of Chemistry Publication

The study stressed that amounts of antimony were well below

official recommended levels. But it also discovered that the
levels almost doubled when the bottles were stored for three months

The study collected 48 brands of water in PET bottles from its source
in the ground at a German bottling plant. The water had 4 ppt of
antimony before being bottled, the contents of a new bottle had
360 ppt and one opened three months later had 700 ppt.

The U.S. EPA has established 6.0 parts per billion (ppb) as a safe level

The health effects of antimony ingestion are not well known

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 Where are all the old bottles?
88% of water bottles are not recycled
In 2005, 2 million tons of plastic water bottles were not recycled

In 2006, 2 billion half-liter bottles of water were shipped to U.S. ports

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