The Second Law of Thermodynamics

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
UNiSEL - NAS july2010
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW
Surrounding temperature, T = 27C

Surrounding temperature, T = 27C
heat
heat
Hot coffee
Hot coffee
T = 40C
T = 40C
A hot coffee will become colder A hot coffee will become hotter?
2
Electric circuit will generate heat Adding heat to a electric circuit,

can generate electric power?
These processes
cannot occur
even though they
are not in violation
of the first law. 3
 SECOND LAW SUMMARY

1. The second law may be used to identify the direction of processes.
2. The second law also asserts that energy has quality as well as
quantity. The first law is concerned with the quantity of energy and
the transformations of energy from one form to another with no
regard to its quality. The second law provides the necessary means to
determine the quality as well as the degree of degradation of energy
during a process.
3. The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the
theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering
systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as well as
predicting the degree of completion of chemical reactions.
4
THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS
Thermal energy reservoir - body with a relatively

large thermal energy capacity (mass x specific
heat) that can supply or absorb finite amounts
of heat without undergoing any change in
temperature
 Reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat – source
 Reservoir that absorbs energy in the form of heat - sink
5
EXAMPLE
ocean river
Atmospheric air
lake
6
HEAT ENGINE
Work can always be converted to heat directly and

completely, but the reverse is not true.
 To convert heat to work, the devices is called

heat engines
7
1. The devices that convert heat to work.

2. They receive heat from a high-temperature
source
3. They convert part of this heat to
work
4. They reject the remaining waste
heat to a low-temperature sink
5. They operate on a cycle.
8
STEAM POWER PLANT
Wnet ,out  Qin  Qout

Wnet ,out  Win  Wout
Q in  amount of heat supplied to steam in boiler from a high-temperature

Qout  amount of heat rejected to steam to a low-temperature
W out  amount of work delivered by steam
W in  amount of heat required 9
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
The fraction of the heat input that is converted

to net work output is a measure of the
performance of a heat engine
net work output

Thermal efficiency 
total heat input
W net ,out Q in  Qout
th  
Q in Q in
Qout
th  1 
Q in
10
Wnet ,out  QH  QL
Wnet ,out QL
th   1
QH QH
11
STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW – PART 1
Kelvin–Planck Statement:
“It is impossible for any device that operates on
a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce a net amount
of work.”
The impossibility of having
a 100% efficient heat
engine
A heat engine that violates the
Kelvin–Planck statement of the
12
second law.
REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS
a device that transfer heat from a low-

temperature medium to a high-temperature
one requires special devices called
refrigerators
13
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)
 When we talk about refrigerator, we will not use

thermal efficiency anymore.
 The efficiency of a refrigerator is
expressed in terms of the

coefficient of performance (COP).
Desired Output
COPR 
Required Input
W net ,in  Q H  Q L
QL QL 1
COPR   
W net ,in Q H  Q L Q H Q L  1 14
 A device that transfers heat from a low-

temperature medium to a high-temperature is
called heat pumps
Desired Output
COPHP 
Required Input
QH
COPHP 
W net ,in
QH 1
COPHP  
QH QL 1 QL QH
COPHP  COPR  1
15
STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW –PART 2
Clausius Statement:
“It is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces
no effect other than the transfer
of heat from a lower-temperature
body to a higher-temperature
A refrigerator that
body.” violates the Clausius
statement of the second
refrigerator cannot operate law.
unless its compressor is driven
by an external power source 16
THE CARNOT CYCLE
Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
17
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from T to T )
P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle.
18
THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
 The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally

reversible cycle.
 Therefore, all the processes that comprise it
can be reversed, in which case it becomes the
Carnot refrigeration cycle
19
P-V diagram of the reversed

Carnot cycle.
20
THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE
Any heat Carnot heat

engine engine
TL
th  1 
QL th  1 
QH TH
The unit for the

temperature is KELVIN
21
THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP
Any heat Carnot heat

pump pump
1
COPHP  1
1  QL QH COPHP 
1  TL TH
Any Carnot
refrigerator refrigerator
1 1
COPR  COPR 
QH QL  1 TH TL  1
22
EXAMPLE
A refrigerator used to cool a computer requires

3kW of electrical power and has a COP of 1.4.
calculate the cooling effect of this refrigerator
in kW.
23
QL TL
COPR 
W net ,in
QL
Q L  COPRW net ,in
R
Q L  1.4x 3 Win
QH
Q L  4.2kW
TH
24
EXAMPLE 6-106
A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at

900°C at a rate of 800 kJ/min and rejects the waste
heat to the ambient air at 27°C. The entire work
output of the heat engine is used to drive a
refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated
space at -5°C and transfers it to the same ambient air
at 27°C. Determine
i. the maximum rate of heat removal from the
refrigerated space (4982kJ/min)
ii. the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient
air(5782kJ/min)
25
 For HE
900C -5 C
 TL= 27C, TH = 900C
 QH = 800kJ/min QH,HE = 800 kJ/min QL,R
 For R HE R
 TL = -5 C, TH = 27C
QL,HE QH,R
27C
27  273
th  1 
TL 900  273
th  1  300
TH th  1 
1173
th  0.744 26
 For HE W net ,in  Q H  Q L

T L W net ,out
th  1   Q L  Q H W net ,in
TH QH
W net ,out  thQ H Q L  800  595.2
Q L  204.8kJ / min
W net ,out  0.744x 800
W net ,out  595.2kJ / min
27
 For R W net ,in  Q H  Q L

1
COPR  Q H  Q L W net ,in
TH TL  1
1
COPR  Q H  4982  595.2
 27  273 5  273  1 Q H  5577.2kJ / min
COPR  8.37
1 QL
COPR  
TH T L 1 QH QL
Q L  COPR Q H  Q L 
Q L  COPRW net ,out
Q L  8.37x 595.2
Q L  4982kJ / min 28
 a)
Q L ,R  ?
Q L ,R  4982kJ / min
 b)
Q L ,HE  Q H ,R  ?
Q L ,HE  Q H ,R  204.8  5577.2

Q L ,HE  Q H ,R  5782kJ / min
29
EXAMPLE 6.47
 Bananas are to be cooled from 24 to 13C at a

rate of 215kg/h by a refrigeration system. The
power input to the refrigerator is 1.4kW.
Determine the rate of cooling in kJ/min and the
COP of the refrigerator. The specific heat of
banana above freezing is 3.35kJ/kgC
30
 Rate of cooling
Q L  mc p T1 T 2 
Q L   215 60  3.35 24  13
Q L  132kJ / min
 COP
Q L 132 / 60 
COP  
W in 1.4
COP  1.57
31
TRIVIA
Zeroth: You must play the game.

First: You can't win.
Second: You can't break even.
Third: You can't quit the game.
32
TRIVIA PART 2
1. Zeroth: There is a game.

2. First: You can't win.
3. Second: You must lose.
4. Third: You can't quit.
33
TRIVIA PART 3
 Q: What is the connection between sausages

and the second law of thermo?
 A: Because of the 2nd law, you can put a cow
into a machine and get sausage, but you can't
put sausage into the machine and get the cow
back.
34

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

UNiSEL - NAS july2010

INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW

Surrounding temperature, T = 27C

Electric circuit will generate heat Adding heat to a electric circuit,

 SECOND LAW SUMMARY

THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS

Thermal energy reservoir - body with a relatively

Work can always be converted to heat directly and

 To convert heat to work, the devices is called

1. The devices that convert heat to work.

STEAM POWER PLANT

Wnet ,out  Qin  Qout

Q in  amount of heat supplied to steam in boiler from a high-temperature

The fraction of the heat input that is converted

net work output

STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW – PART 1

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

a device that transfer heat from a low-

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

 When we talk about refrigerator, we will not use

expressed in terms of the

 A device that transfers heat from a low-

STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW –PART 2

THE CARNOT CYCLE

Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)

P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle.

THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

 The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally

P-V diagram of the reversed

THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE

Any heat Carnot heat

The unit for the

THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP

Any heat Carnot heat

A refrigerator used to cool a computer requires

A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at

 For HE W net ,in  Q H  Q L

 For R W net ,in  Q H  Q L

Q L ,HE  Q H ,R  204.8  5577.2

 Bananas are to be cooled from 24 to 13C at a

Zeroth: You must play the game.

1. Zeroth: There is a game.

 Q: What is the connection between sausages

Anda mungkin juga menyukai