bronchitis

Kelompok I
 WHAT IS BRONCHITIS ?

Bronchitis is an infection of
the main airways of the lungs
(bronchi), causing them to
become irritated and
inflamed.
BRONCHITIS CLASIFICATION

acute bronchitis
temporary inflammation of the airways, causing
a cough and mucus production, lasting up to
three weeks; acute bronchitis can affect people
of all ages but mostly affects children under the
age of five; it's more common in winter and
often develops following a common cold, sore
throat or flu
chronic bronchitis
a daily productive cough that lasts for three months
of the year and for at least two years in a row;
chronic bronchitis is one of a number of lung
conditions, including emphysema, that are
collectively known as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD); it mostly affects adults over 40
Causes of bronchitis

Bronchitis can be caused by either a virus or bacteria, although viral bronchitis

is much more common.
In most cases, bronchitis is caused by the same viruses that cause the common
cold or flu. The virus is contained in the millions of tiny droplets that come out
of the nose and mouth when someone coughs or sneezes.

These droplets typically spread about 1m (3ft). They hang suspended in the air
for a while, then land on surfaces where the virus can survive for up to 24
hours. Anyone who touches these surfaces can spread the virus further by
touching something else.
 Symptoms of bronchitis
The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a hacking cough, which may bring up clear, yellow-grey or greenish
mucus (phlegm). Other symptoms are similar to those of the common cold or sinusitis, and may include :

• sore throat
• headache
• runny or blocked nose
• aches and pains
• Tiredness

If you have acute bronchitis, your cough may last for several weeks after other symptoms have gone. You may
also find that the continual coughing makes your chest and stomach muscles sore.
Some people may experience shortness of breath or wheezing, due to inflamed airways. However, this is more
common with long-term (chronic) bronchitis.
Complications of bronchitis

The most common complication of bronchitis is pneumonia; this occurs

when the infection spreads deeper into the lungs. This infection causes
the air sacs within the lungs (alveoli) to fill with fluid.
• An estimated 5 percent of bronchitis cases lead to pneumonia.
• Pneumonia is more likely to develop in older adults, smokers, people
with diseases in other organs, and anyone with a reduced immune
system.
Prevention
Cigarette being snapped
As cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, avoiding
smoking is one of the best ways to prevent it.

Although it is not always possible to prevent acute or chronic bronchitis, there are
several measures that can help reduce the risk:
Do not start smoking; quit smoking if you already smoke.
Avoid lung irritants such as smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. If
avoiding exposure is not possible, wear a mask that covers the nose and mouth.
Wash hands often to limit exposure to germs and bacteria.
Get a yearly flu vaccine.
Get a pneumonia vaccine.
case
Ms. Risma 15 years old arrived in the emergency room with her mother. she
has a 5 year history of bronchitis.she has experienced increased dyspnea and
cough since 3 days ago.
Her mom said that she has been unable to get his breath or inhale deep
enough to cough up secretions. she complained risma cant sleep cause
shortness of breath and headache.
On observation physical examination,inspection revaled a barrel
chest,cyanotic skin (+),using his accessory muscles of respiration and she
appeared weak,weak cough productive of large amounts of thick,yellow
sputum.vital sign bp:120/80 mmHg,p: 88 beat/min,rr:38 times/min,and bt:
36,7 0C..her abdomen was soft and not tender.bowel sounds were
active.bilateral ronchi were auscultated abnormal breath sounds were
auscultated.
assessment
The identity of patient :
Name : ms. Risma
Age: 15 years old
Date,place of birth: batam,23 December 2002
Sex: female
Adress: baloi centre block: H number :7
Religion: islam
Admission date : 01 November 2017
Medical diagnose : acute bronchitis
The identity of responsible person:
Name : mrs. Nelly agustina
Age : 36 years old
Adress: baloi centre block: H number :7
Job: supervisior of mc dermott company
Relationship: mother
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• General Examination
• General Condition: quiet well
• Awareness : compos mentis
• Vital Signs :
• BP 120/80 mmHg
• P :88 beats/min
• RR:38 times/min
• BT:36,7 0C.
1. Head to Toe Examination
a. Head
- Eyes : symmetric, conjunctiva anemis
- Ears : no cerumen, hearing function is good
- Nose : little extension, smell function is disturbed
- Mouth and teeth : there is no caries
a. Neck
- Tyroid glands : there is no expansion
a. Chest
- Lung : breath sound is ronchi
- Heart : normal
- Chest wall : symmetric
a. Abdomen
- Stomach wall : flat
- Liver : normal
- Intestines : normal
a. Back : normal
b. Skin : skin turgor is quiet good
c. Extremities
- Superior : there is no oedema,clubbing finger
- Inferior : there is no oedema
Analizing of data
NO FOCUS DATA (Symptom and Sign) ETIOLOGY PROBLEM

1. Subjective Data (SD): Increasing of mucus or secretions Ineffective airway clearance

Patient said, “…I was difficult to breath and cough. I had bleeding
cough....”
Objective Data (OD):
Patient was seem breathless. She had bleeding cough.
Vital sign : rr : 38 times/min, BP 120/80 mmHg, P :88 beats/min, BT:36,7 0C.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- Ineffective airway clearance related to Increasing of mucus or
secretions
intervention

no diagnose noc nic

Ineffective airway
1 NOC Outcomes (Nursing
clearance related to
Outcomes Classification)
Increasing of mucus
or secretions
Suggested NOC Labels
Respiratory Status: Ventilation
Respiratory Status: Airway Patency
Respiratory Status: Gas Exchange
Aspiration Control
Client Outcomes
Demonstrates effective coughing and clear
breath sounds; is free of cyanosis and dyspnea
Maintains a patent airway at all times
Relates methods to enhance secretion removal
Relates the significance of changes in sputum to
include color, character, amount, and odor
Identifies and avoids specific factors that inhibit
effective airway clearance
•Suggested NIC Labels
Airway Management
•Airway Suctioning
•Cough Enhancement
•Encourage her to take several deep breaths.
•Encourage her to take a deep breath, hold for 2 seconds, and
•cough two or three times in succession.
•Encourage use of incentive spirometry, as appropriate.
•Promote systemic fluid hydration, as appropriate.
•Monitor rate, rhythm, depth, and effort of respirations.
•Note chest movement, watching for symmetry, use of accessory
•muscles, and supraclavicular and intercostal muscle retractions.
•Auscultate breath sounds, noting areas of decreased or absent
•ventilation and presence of adventitious sounds.
•Auscultate lung sounds after treatments to note results.
•Monitor client’s ability to cough effectively.
•Monitor client’s respiratory secretions.
•Institute respiratory therapy treatments (e.g., nebulizer) as
•needed.
•Monitor for increased restlessness, anxiety, and air hunger.
•Note changes in SpO2, tidal volume, and changes in arterial blood
•gas values, as appropriate.