FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
BY:
ENG. Waleed Elsafoury
Copyright © 2013 Waleed Elsafoury
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
- CONTENT
- communication systems overview
- Introduction to Cellular Fundamentals
- Network Architecture
- GSM Air Interface
- Digital Mobile Elements
- GSM Network Protocols
- Understanding GPRS & EDGE
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication
systems
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Voice Communications
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
● Source
● Destination
● Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
Source Destination
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
• Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
Wired Wireless
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telecommunication is the
process of long distance
communications.
Early telecommunications
involved smoke, flags,
drums, and other such
methods
to relay messages and
information.
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telegraph
The first wire line communications was the telegraph. Invented in
the mid 19th
century, it opened a new era in long-distance telecommunication.
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telephone
When we talk over the telephone, our voice is converted to a
electronic signal by
the microphone in the handset. This signal is then transmitted
over telephone wires.
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Wired VS Wireless
• Losses
• Mobility
• Security
• Bandwidth
• Cost
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
• Cost
• Quality
• Security
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
D = ( 1 0 1 1 )
S = C H T
= ( 0 0 0 )
IF WE RECIVER ERROR AT BIT No. 5 C = ( 1 0 0 1 : 0 0 1 )
S = C H T
= ( 1 0 1 ) = 5
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
FDM
TDM
FDMA
TDMA
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
FDM
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
TDM
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
FDMA
FDMA is the division of each bandwidth (RX,TX) into
many frequency bands (channels)
Frequency
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
TDMA
It allows several users to share the same radio frequency (RF)
by dividing it into different timeslots
Frequency
Time
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
TDMA/FDMA
Frequency
Time
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
• Types of telephones
Cordless Telephones
Mobile Telephones
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
MS
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
1G Frequency Bands
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
925
885
915 935
AMPS/
Uplink Downlink
NAMPS
824 849 869 894
905 935
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960
MHz
Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
- Multimedia services
- Large BW
- More Services
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Cluster size=7
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
• Cell shape
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Area Map
Elevations
Traffic Distribution
Simulation
Design parameters Effect
Drive Test
(Optimization )
Drive Test readings
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell sectorization
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell sectorization
Sector 1
Sector 3
Sector 2
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
F1
F1 F1
F1
F1 F1
F1
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell sectorization
Sector 1
Sector 6 Sector 2
Sector 5 Sector 3
Sector 4
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell sectorization
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell sectorization
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
P2
P1
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell types
- macrocell
- microcell
- picocell
BS
Microcell
Macrocell BS
Microcell
BS
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Pico Cell
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Global
Subur
ban Urban
& In-building
rural
Pico-Cell
SatelliteMacro-CellMicro-CellPico-Cell
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
cell splitting
- as traffic load increases in a cell
- to increase channels designer tend to split cell into
smaller cells
- R decrease Dc decrease so more capacity
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
channel allocation techniques
- Fixed channel assignment technique (less Ts)
1-9 7,8,9
2,5,8
2,5
1,4,7
1,4
3,6,9 3,6
channel characteristics
- Multipath fading
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
- Frequency hopping
- Error correction
- Interleaving technique
- Combining techniques :
1-Selective technique
Receiver
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
- Shadow fading
-The Solution of this problem by using Macroscopic
Diversity By selecting a BS which is not shadowed when
others are.
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
- Doppler shift
- +ve if the mobile moves toward the BS
- -ve if the mobile moves away from the BS
- The Doppler frequency shift should be compensated so that
a correct frequency synchronization is achieved .
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
- Co-channel interference
Dc
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Filter
- Channel management
7,14,21
6,13,20 2,9,16
1,8,15
5,12,19 3,10,17
Amplitude 4,11,18
Frequency (MHz)
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
1 2 3 4 5 6
Path 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
T1 T2 T3
B
A
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
- Path loss
Pr α Pt
Signal level (dB)
Rβ
β=3~4
Distance
FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM
Signal
level (dB) Path loss
Rayleigh fading
Shadowing
Log d