SOURCE ROCK

EVALUATION
Waples (1985):
Three kind of source rocks

1. Effective source rock

2. Possible source rock
3. Potential source rock
1. Effective source rock

A rock that has actually generated and

expelled hydrocarbons.
2. Potential source rock

A rock that could generate and expell

hydrocarbons if its level of thermal
maturity were higher,
3. Possible source rock

A rock under consideration as an

effective or potential source rock
but about which we do not yet have
enough data to make a
determination.
 SUMMARY
Questions that must be
answered:
1. Does the sediment have enough organic
materials?

2. Is the organic material appropriate?

3. Is the organic material mature?

RICHNESS
0.6

0.2
 Source richness parameters
1. Waples (1985)
TOC Source implication

<0.5% negligible source capacity

0.5-1.0% possibility of slight source capacity
1.0-2.0% poss. of modest source capacity
>2.0% poss. of good to excellent source
capacity
2. Peters (1986)
Quantity TOC (weight %)

Poor 0.5
Fair 0.5-1.0
Good 1.0-2.0
Very good 2+
 Simple parameters define petroleum potential of an
immature source rock (after Peters and Cassa, 1994)
Potential TOC Rock-Eval Rock-Eval Bitumen HC
(Quantity) (%) S1 S2 (ppm) (ppm)

Poor <0.5 <0.5 <2.5 <500 <300

500- 300-
Fair 0.5-1 0.5-1 2.5-5
1000 600
1000- 600-
Good 1-2 1-2 5-10
2000 1200
2000- 1200-
V. Good 2-4 2-4 10-20
4000 2400
Excellent >4 >4 >20 >4000 >2400
 TYPE OF
ORGANIC MATERIAL
Atomic
H/C Results of kerogen evolution
CO2, H2O
Oil
1,50 Gas

increasing evolution

1,00

0,50

0
0,10 0,20
Atomic O/C

van Krevelen diagram

 900 I

HYDROGEN INDEX (HI)

600 II

S2/TOC x 100

300

III
Experience 0
0 50 100 150
INDEKS OKSIGEN (OI) S3/TOC x 100
OXYGEN INDEX (OI)

Modified
Gambar 5.1. Diagram van Krevelen yang van Krevelen
dimodifikasi diagram
menunjukkan jalur evolusi
kerogen dengan menggunakan indeks hidrogen (HI) dan indeks oksigen
(OI). Diambil dari Espitalie et al. (1977; dalam Waples, 1985).
 Modified van Krevelen diagram

Hydrogen index (mg/g HC)

Type of kerogen?

Oxygen index (mg/g HC)

 Kerogen types generate different products at peak
maturity

Kerogen* Atomic Main product

HI S2/S3 at peak
(Quality) H/C maturity
I >600 >15 >1.5 Oil

II 300-600 10-15 1.2-1.5 Oil

II/III 200-300 5-10 1.0-1.2 Oil/Gas

III 50-200 1-5 0.7-1.0 Gas

IV <50 <1 <0.7 None

*Based on immature source rock Peters and Cassa (1994)
MATURITY
 Simple parameters define thermal maturity with respect to oil

Maturation Generation
Maturity Ro Bitumen
Tmax TAI Bit/TOC PI
(%) (mg/g)
0.20- 1.5-
Immature <435 <0.05 <50 <0.10
0.60 1.26
Mature
0.60- 435- 0.05- 0.10-
Early 2.6-2.7 50-100
0.65 445 0.10 0.15
0.65- 445- 0.15- 0.25-
Peak 2.7-2.9 150-250
0.90 450 0.25 0.40
0.90- 450-
Late 2.9-3.3 -- -- >0.40
1.35 470
Post-
mature
>1.35 >470 >3.3 -- -- --
(Peters and Cassa, 1991)
 Immature zone

Oil zone

Wet gas zone

Immature zone

Oil zone

Wet gas zone

(Espitalie et al., 1977)

 UNCONFORMITY

Depth

Ro (%)
 FAULTS

Normal fault
Depth

Reverse fault

Ro (%)
 OVERPRESSURE

Depth

(Top overpressure)

Ro (%)
 INTRUSIONS

Sill
Depth

Dyke

Ro (%)
 HEATFLOW

Depth

Ro (%)
 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 Lower Talang Akar Formation
Source Quality vs. Organic Richness
Jabung Block, South Sumatra
Hydrogen Index mg/gC
1,200

Kabul Betara Deep Geragai Deep

1,100

1,000
HC
TYPE I
TYPE
900

800

700

600

500

400 OIL-PRONE TYPE III

GAS ONLY - MIXED - OIL

300
GAS-PRONE TYPE III

200

100
POOR - FAIR - GOOD - EXCELLENT - COALS
0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

TOC Wt%
 PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK SUMMARY

Well: Kabul-1
FORMATION

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON INDICATORS TYPE MATURITY

M.D. T.O.C. wt% S1+S2 mg/g S1/(S1+S2) Hydrogen Index Percentage Oil Tmax °C Ro. Vit. %
AGE 0.1 1.0 10 100 0.1 1.0 5 10 100 S1 mg/g 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 100 300 500 600 420 440 460 480 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5
(ft KB) Prone Kerogen
Poor-Fair Good-Exc Coaly Poor Fair Gd Excellent Indig. Migrated Oil Gas Mixed Oil Immature Mature Post- Immature EM OW GW
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 25 50 75 mature
20" @

Kasai/ Pliocene- 138 ft indigenous

M.E. Late Mio caved / suppressed
13.375" @
1000 1076 ft reworked / oxidised

Air Middle
2000 Benakat Miocene

Upper
Gumai intra-Gumai
3000 marker
Early
Lower Miocene
4000 Gumai
9.625" @
4484 ft
Baturaja

5000 U.TAF
Oligocene
/Eocene
L.TAF
6000
7" @
Bsmt pre-Tert 6510 ft
PetroChina (2004)
7000 G.E. 117 ft 0.5%Ro
K.B. 135 ft early
T.D. 6539 ft mature
8000 0.7%Ro
9000 1.0%Ro
10000 1.3%Ro oil
mature

11000

0.1 1 10 0.1
100 1 5 10 100 300
0.01 0.1 1 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 300 600 0 25 50 75 100
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 0.5 0.7 1 1.3

TOC = Total Organic S1+S2 = Pyrolysis Yields S1 = Free Oil Content S1/(S1+S2) = OPI = Hydrogen Index = Oil Prone Kerogen = Tmax = Temperature of EM = Early Mature
Carbon Oil Production Index S2/TOC*100 Liptinite + Fluor. Amorphous Maximum S2 OW = Oil Window
GW = Gas Window
 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 Distribution of Principal Maceral Types
Gumai Formation

100% Liptinite
(Type I - II)

* Non-fluorescent
amorphous kerogen

reducing
marine or oil-prone
lacustrine

oxidising
terrestrial /
marine or
deltaic
lacustrine
mixed


  gas-prone 

 
100% Vitrinite + Inertinite 100% NFA*
(Type III - IV) (Type III)
- LEGEND -

 Kabul region  Betara Deep

 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 M+P Xylenes

Octene

Phenol
 Distribution of n-Octene, m+p-Xylenes and Phenol
in Whole Rock Pyrolysates
Upper Talang Akar Formation
100% n-Octene

Type I/II

Type III/II






 Type III

Type IV

100% m+p-Xylenes 100% Phenol

- LEGEND -

 Geragai Deep
 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 LECO TOC
ROCKS
ROCK-EVAL * Maturity
* Richness
* Type of OM
EXTRACTION OPTIC
(DICHLOROMETHANE) - VR
- TAI * Maturity
- SCI
- Etc.
OIL BITUMEN
REMAIN

GAS COLUMN
Biomarker
CHROMATOGRAPHY PY-GC
distribution

GC SATURATES AROMATICS NSO

Biomarker
MOLECULAR THIN LAYER
distribution SIEVING CHROMATOGRAPHY

BRANCHED & DI & TRI

CYCLIC NUCLEAR
FRACTIONS FRACTIONS

GC / GC-MS

Biomarker distribution
 1
0
0%A
r
oms

c
r
ud
eo
i
l
s

s
e
di
men
t
s

i
mma
t
ur
eco
a
ls




ADTION
BIODEGR

IN
C
RE
AS
IN
GM
A
TU
R
AT
IO
N
FRACTIOMATURATIO
NATION N/

1
0
0%S
a
t
s 1
0
0%N
S
O+
As
p
h
Response_
Pr/Ph: 7.38

Pr
20000
Signal: SAMPLE01.D\FID1A.CH
Pr/C17: 1.34

nC27
19000
Ph/C18: 0.18

nC24
nC15

nC23

nC26
nC25
nC22
18000

nC14

nC19

nC21
nC17
nC16

nC20
17000

nC18

nC28
16000 CPI: 1.13

nC29
15000
nC13

14000

13000

nC30
12000

11000

nC31
10000

9000
nC12

nC32
8000

nC33
7000
Ph

6000

nC34

nC35

nC36

nC37
5000
nC11

4000

3000

4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

Time
 TABLE
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DATA
(C5+ WHOLE EXTRACT ANALYSIS: NORMALISED PERCENT)

Component LW-05A

nC5 0.00
nC6 0.00
nC7 0.00
nC8 0.08
nC9 0.40
nC10 1.10
nC11 4.22
nC12 7.20
nC13 9.20
nC14 11.05

Pr/Ph 2.66
nC15 9.94
nC16 7.75
nC17 6.89
nC18
nC19
6.06 Pr/nC17 1.24
5.69

Ph/nC18 0.53
nC20 5.15
nC21 3.84
nC22 3.48
nC23
nC24
2.63
2.20
CPI 1.06
nC25 2.09
nC26 1.94
nC27 1.68
nC28 1.46
nC29 1.32
nC30 1.06
nC31 1.04
nC32 0.92
nC33 0.84
nC34 0.46
nC35 0.32
nC36 0.00
nC37 0.00
nC38 0.00
Total 100.00
 Pristane/nC17 vs. Pristane/Phytane
Japex, Buton Project

20
WKLB-3A oil
10
WKLB-3B oil

5 WKLB-3 oil

KWN-4 oil
Pr / nC17

2 KW-1 sediment

1 KW-11 sediment

0.5

0.2
ANOXIC TO SUBOXIC
HIGLY ANOXIC LACUSTRINE OR MARINE OXIC TERRESTRIAL
0.1
0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15

Pr / Ph
 PLOT OF N-ALKANES DISTRIBUTION

16
14

12
Weight percent

10

8
6
4

2
0
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Carbon number

Well J oil Well A oil 3100 ft Well J 1275.5m (Meliat Fm)

Well J 1671m (Meliat Fm.) Well J 2324.4m (Naintupo Fm.) Well I oil 2924 ft
 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 Io n 1 9 1 .1 0 (1 9 0 .8 0 to 1 9 1 .8 0 ): S T -W B T R 2 .D
Abundance
Ol
6

30000

25000

20000
4 5

Cy
15000

Tricyclic terpanes
10000
7
X1 2
9
8
5000 Cz
1
10 12
X5 11 14
B C D F G H Gm 13 15 16
E
0
T im e -->
3 0 .0 0 3 5 .0 0 4 0 .0 0 4 5 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 5 5 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 6 5 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 5 .0 0 8 0 .0 0
Abundance

Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): BATARA-3ST DST1 S.D

6

42000

40000

38000 Pentacyclic terpanes

36000
Southwest Betara-3ST
34000 DST-1 6408-6417 ft 4

32000

30000

28000
Tricyclic terpanes
26000

24000

22000
B
20000

2 Ol
18000
C 8
16000
C30 Cz
14000
X4 Cy
12000 9
1 11
10000

8000
5 7 12
X1
6000
E K 13
4000
L 14
D F G H 10 15
I 16 17
2000 18
0
30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00
Time-->

Abundance
 TRICYCLIC TERPANE PATTERNS FROM DIFFERING ORGANOFACIES

Tricyclic Terpane Patterns

terrestrial mixed terrestrial/algal algal
terrestrial mixed marine lacustrine

B C D E F G H B C D E F G H B C D E F G H
 Hopanes/Steranes vs. Pristane/Phytane
Japex, Buton Project
anoxic to sub-oxic: highly oxidising: WKLB-3A oil
20
terrestrial influence terrestrial
WKLB-3B oil
10
WKLB-3 oil
Total Hopanes / Steranes

5 KWN-4 oil

KW-1 sed
2
KW-11 sed
1

0.5

0.2 highly anoxic to sub-oxic:

anoxic primarily algal
0.1
0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15

Pr / Ph
 Crossplot of Triterpane Maturity Parameters
Jabung Block
0.05
peak late mature
mature
terrestrial plant influence

0.10
C30 moretane/hopane

0.20

0.30
early
mature
0.50
immature

1.00
20.00 10.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.20 0.1
Tm/Ts
Maturity ranges for clastic source rocks after Miles, 1989
Both parameters are relatively higher in coals/coal sourced oils
 Io n 2 1 7 .1 0 (2 1 6 .8 0 to 2 1 7 .8 0 ): S A T L W 0 5 A .D
A bundanc e
E,2,3

R
3500

A
5 7,8
3000
F
4 9 10
12,13
11
2500 R
B 15
1
6 14
C

2000

1500

1000

500

0
T im e - - >
5 0 .0 0 5 2 .0 0 5 4 .0 0 5 6 .0 0 5 8 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 6 2 .0 0 6 4 .0 0
 C27-C29 Sterane Distribution*
and Interpreted Depositional Environment
Upper Talang Akar Formation
100% C28

After Huang and Meinschein, 1979

*calculated from m/z 218 mixed marine / higher plant

Open  
Marine

Terrestrial
or
Planktonic Deep Estuarine
Lacustrine or Higher
Shallow Lacustrine Plant

100% C27 100% C29

- LEGEND -

 N Geragai-2  NE Betara-1
 C28
100%

Estuarine Terrestrial
Deep marine
or
Planktonic or Higher
Shallow lacustrine
Deep lacustrine plant

C27 C29
100% WKLB-3A oil KWN-4 oil 100%
WKLB-3B oil KW-1 sediment

WKLB-3 oil KW-11 sediment

 Crossplot of Sterane Maturity Parameters
Japex, Buton Project
1.6
WKLB-3A oil

1.4 WKLB-3B oil

Late mature or
facies effect
C29 aaaS/aaaR Steranes

WKLB-3 oil
1.2

KWN-4 oil
1.0
KW-1 sed
0.8 KW-11 sed
Mature

0.6

0.4
Early Mature
0.2

immature
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C29 abbR+S/aaaS+R Steranes
Maturity calibrated from Mesozoic
clastic sediments, after Miles, 1989
 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 1,6

Bongka oil-seep,
1,3 + 1,7
offshore Sulawesi
m/z 156
Dimethylnaphthalenes

2,6 + 2,7

1,4 +2,3 1,5

1,2
 Maturity indicators based on aromatics (after Alexander, 1988)

TOP OF OIL
PARAMETERS ISOMER RATIO WET GAS
GENERATION

DNR-1 (2,6-DMN + 2,7-DMN)/1,5-DMN 1,5 10

TNR-1 (1,4,6-TMN + 1,3,5-TMN)/2,3,6-TMN 0,5 4

MPI-1 1,5 x (2-MP + 3-MP)/(P + 1-MP + 9-MP) 0,3 1

MPI-2 (3 x 2-MP)/(P + 1-MP + 9-MP) 0,3 2

Rc 0,6 (MPI-1) + 0,4; jika Rm < 1,35

-0,6 (MPI-1) + 2,3; jika Rm > 1,35

DNR: dimethylnaphthalene ratio DMN: dimethylnaphthalene

TNR: trimethylnaphthalene ratio TMN: trimethylnaphthalene
MPI: methylphenanthrene index MP: methylphenanthrene
Rc: calculated vitrinite reflectance P: phenanthrene
Rm: mean vitrinite reflectance
 Onset of oil Gas
Parameters Oil sample
generation generation

DNR-1 6.52 1.5 10

TNR-1 0.87 0.5 4

MPI-1 0.54 0.3 1

MPI-2 0.59 0.3 2

Rc-1 0.72 0.6 1.35

 Methylphenanthrene Maturity Parameters
Selat Panjang, Central Sumatra
0.5
F1
F2
early mature
MPR-2
0.7

0.9
peak mature
Equivalent Ro.

1.1 SP-4 D zone 2040 m

SP-4 DST-2 2438 m
late mature

1.3

1.5

MPI-1
1.7

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

After Radke et al, 1983, 1984 MP Index
and Kvalheim et al, 1987
 Parameter Compounds Peak No's D Zone DST-2

DNR-1 = 2,6-DMN+2,7-DMN 1+2 15.88 21.00

1,5-DMN 6
DNR-6 2,6-DMN+2,7-DMN 1+2 6.05 10.96
1,4-DMN+2,3-DMN 5
TNR-1 = 2,3,6-TMN 11 1.89 1.95
1,4,6-DMN+1,3,5-TMN 10
TNR-3 = 1,2,5-TMN 16 2.00 3.66
1,2,4-TMN 15
TNR-4 = 1,2,7-TMN 12 1.90 2.52
1,2,6-TMN 14
TeMn = 1,3,6,7-TeMN ND ND
1,3,6,7-TeMN+1,2,5,6-
TeMN
iso-
C/Cadalene = iso-Cadalene ND ND
Cadalene
MPI-1 = 1,5*(2-MP+3-MP) 1,5*(19+18) 1.02 1.48
P+(1-MP)+(9-MP) 17+21+20
MPI-2 = 3*(2-MP) 3*(19) 1.10 1.62
P+(1-MP)+(9-MP) 17+21+20
MPR-1 = 2-MP+3-MP 19+18 4.52 11.00
1-MP 21
MPR-2 = 2-MP 19 1.82 5.25
9-MP 20
F1 = 2-MP+3-MP 0.66 0.84
2-MP+3-MP+1-MP+9-MP
F2 = 2-MP 0.36 0.46
2-MP+3-MP+1-MP+9-MP
Rc1 = 0,6 MPI-1+0,4 1.01 1.29

Rc2 = 0,99(Log10MPR-2)+0,94 1.69 1.41

Ro1 = -166+2,242F1 1.31 1.71

Ro2 = -112+3,739F2 1.22 1.59

 New source rock analyses
Analysis Kabul-1 SW NE N Berkah-1 Total
Betara-1 Betara-5 Geragai-1
Total organic carbon (TOC) 40 40 80
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 20 20 40
Vitrinite reflectance 20 19 39
Kerogen typing 20 19 39
Thermal extract Py-GC 4 4 2 2 4 16
Py-GC S2 fraction 4 4 2 2 4 16
Solvent extraction 2 2 2 2 4 12
Liquid chromatography 2 2 2 2 4 12
C10+ sats GC 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
GC-MS aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope saturates 2 2 2 2 1 9
Carbon isotope aromatics 2 2 2 2 1 9
 Sofer Plot of Carbon Isotope Data
North Central Java Basin
-16
NC JAVA BASIN
-17 Merawu
-18
-19 Penyatan
*Terrigenous
-20
Marine Beds
-21
¹³C Aromatics (ppt)

g
cin
GK-52 GK-12
-22 r Cipluk-7
NE Java Sou oil seep
-23 d
Basin oils ixe
-24 *M Cipluk-19
-25 Ardjuna diesel used in oil seep
Basin oils Java Sea wells
-26
-27
-28 *Algal
-29 Palaeogene (Marine or Non-marine)
coals
-30
Neogene no aromatics data available:
-31 saturates position plotted
coals
-32
-33 -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17
¹³C Saturates (ppt)
*Source Implications after Sofer, 1984
 Principal characteristics of hydrocarbon gases generated
during the successive of kerogen evolution
(After Schoell, 1980)

Main stages of evolution C1/SCn 13C1

Dry gas
Diagenesis > 0.97 -55 to -90
(biogenic)
Oil-assoc. gas
Catagenesis <0.98 -30 to -55
Wet gas

Metagenesis Dry gas > 0.97 -20 to -40

Case study 7
MODELLING
 Ungerer (1992):
“Whatever the quality of geochemical
data, the information they provide is
discontinuous as it is limited to
existing wells and surface outcrops.
Moreover, it reflects the present
stage of geological history which is
the cumulative result of a long and
complex evolution.”
 Ungerer (1992):
“The main purpose of modelling the oil
and gas is to extrapolate available
maturity data from wells to the entire
basin by using all geological
information and to reconstruct
according to a mathematical
formulation the maturity evolution
along time.”
Maturity model based on cross plot between depth and %Ro for Tanjung Tiram-1 well, showing depth of early mature stage
(%Ro=0.5) is reached at 900 m and depth of middle mature stage (%Ro=0.7) is reached at 1850 m.
 Pseudo-1 Pseudo-2
1129 g77
Pseudo-3

Pseudo-4

1152 g77

Basemap of Simenggaris Block, showing position of lines used and pseudo wells which created for 2D modeling in this study
Present day heat flow (HFU) map in Simenggaris Block
 Tanjung Bimau-1 Dasin-1
(1 km projected to south) Pseudo-1 (500 m projected to south) Pseudo-2
W E

Tarakan Fm.

Tabul Fm.

Meliat Fm.

Naintupo Fm.

Maturity cross section model along line 1129-g77 (present day), showing generally main gas generation
maturation stage for Naintupo Fm., and late mature to main gas generation stage for Meliat Fm. within deeper area
 Tarakan Fm.

Tabul Fm.

Meliat Fm.

Early Mature

Middle Mature

Late Mature
Naintupo Fm.
Main Gas Generation

Depth vs %Ro curve of Pseudo-1 well (Line 1129) showing depth of oil window (%Ro=0.5)
reached at 1800 mbsl.
5-72
 Mature sediment

Depth structure map of top SB-2 (Naintupo Formation) showing distribution of mature sediment.
 S. Sembakung-1

Sesayap E-1

Migration simulation of Simenggaris Block for SB5 reservoir interval with assumption all
faults are leaking.
 S. Sembakung-1
A

Sesayap E-1

Migration simulation of Simenggaris Block for SB5 reservoir interval with assumption most of faults
are sealing and some faults are leaking.
 Sembakung-1

Tanjung Bimau-1 S.Sembakung-1

Dasin-1
Pidawan-1
East Mandul-1
Mintut-1
Tanjung Kramat-1
Sesayap A-1
Sesayap E-1

Bangkudulis-1

Tanjung Tiram-1

Paleo-migration simulation at first HC expelled (10 mya) of Simenggaris Block for SB5 reservoir interval
with assumption all fault are leaking.
 Sembakung-1

Tanjung Bimau-1 S.Sembakung-1

Dasin-1
Pidawan-1
Mintut-1
Tanjung Kramat-1
Sesayap A-1
Sesayap E-1

Bangkudulis-1

Tanjung Tiram-1

Paleo-migration simulation at first HC expelled (10 mya) of Simenggaris Block for SB5 reservoir interval
with assumption all fault are sealing.
The use of petroleum geochemistry in a
reservoir study

Case study 8