APPROACHES TO CURRICULUM

SPIRAL APPROACH

 Curriculum which ascends, enlarging as it climbs.

 The spiral views accounts for the more refined
wisdom distilled from the experience over time.
 The upward and outward curriculum organisation
acknowledges the gradual nature of development of
knowledge and also the development of learner
 Gradation of linkage too is taken care of and the
continuity of the topic concerned is never broken.
 CONCENTRIC PLAN

 The same topic is treated at each stage or years

according to the mental development of pupils and
the circle of knowledge goes on widening
 To begin with a simple presentation of the subject
matter is given in outlines, gaps being filled a year or
later in accordance with the amount of knowledge
which the pupil are capable
 ADVANTAGES

 There is a greater opportunity for revision of topics

 Pupil may remember and revise different topics
 This method will be more successful when teaching is
in the hands of one teacher, then only continuity can
be maintained
 Each year there is something new , some new
problems to solve , new wonders and new mysteries
to be seen
 DISADVANTAGES

 Teacher must be capable of knowing the abilities with

less repetitions and monotony
 There is a possibility of losing freshness of subject
 Type study
 Material to be taught is classified into types
 A types is that which exemplifies the characteristics
of a group
 Type is a thing or event considered as an example of a
class or group
 The types are arranged according to the increasing
order of complexity in the syllabus.
 ADVANTAGE

 It helps the pupils to make their own generalizations

from types
 It is based on sound psychological principles and gives
training in scientific thinking and develops power of
observation.
DISADVANTAGES
All the content to be taught cannot be classified into
types
 HISTORICAL/ BIOGRAPHICAL
APPROACH

 Organizing of the science course in accordance with

evolution of science.
 Stages through which science has passed in the actual
course of its development from the very beginning.
 Science is really an expression of human spirit and it is
essential that this aspect should be felt by every pupil
 Essence of science will be felt only when it is treated
historically
 NATURE STUDY

 Nature study is defined as learning to be really alive to

the world around
 “study” means independent work done by pupil
 “Nature” means books, pictures and models ,subject
matter
 AIMS OF NATURE STUDY

 Cultivation of interest in the world around

 Developing habit of careful observation and coherent
reasoning
 Cultivation of power of expression
 Free development of individuality of the pupil
 NATURE RAMBLING

 Main criteria is experience of the child

 Child is considered as a rambler in his environment
 The materials the child is likely to meet with the scientific
situations he is likely to face with are chosen and arranged
in the science course
 Advantages include development power of observation,
reasoning, relationship between pupil and nature
 No systematic knowledge of subject is provided is one
drawback
 It is suitable for primary classes
 TOPIC PLAN

 Science lessons are grouped out to topics of

immediate interests of pupil
 Lessons may grouped into life centred, environment
centred and life and environment centred topics
 Life centred- air we breathe, water we use etc..
 Environment centred-earth, atmosphere etc..
 Life and environment centred- health, mineral
resources, body , energy and machines etc..
 ADVANATGES DISADVANTAGES

 Closer integration between different Do not get sound knowledge of the

branches of science subject as it dealt in a general way
 Interesting for lower class students Teacher must not know all branches of
since topics happen to be from their science deeply
environment