ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

NERVOUS
SYSTEM

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

 EVOLUSI SISTEM SARAF

(Raven et al ., 2005)
 Nervous System
The Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

(CNS) (PNS)

Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System
• voluntary movements via
skeletal muscles • organs, smooth muscles

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
- “Fight-or-Flight” responses - maintenance
 FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

INFORMATION
PROCESSING
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SENSORY MOTORIC
INFORMATION COMMAND
AT THE IN THE PERIPHERAL
AFFERENT NERVOUS SISTEM
EFFERENT
NEURONS NEURONS

SOMATIC OTONOMIC NERVOUS

SPECITIC SENSORY SOMATIKC SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM (SYMPATHIK &
RECEPTOR RECEPTOR SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC

(sensation of smell, (monitoring the keletal

taste, vision, hearing, muscle , joints, skin surface,
maintain equilibrium) touch, pressure, pain, and
tempertaure sensation)

VISCERALSENSORY RESEPTOR SMOOTH MUSCLE

(monitoring the internal organs, that SKELETAL
MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
are: cardiovasculer, respiration,
digestion, urinary, and the GLANDS
reprodukctive system)

RECEPTOR EFFECTOR
CELL TYPE  NEURON
 GLIAL CELS

PART of NEURONS
CELL BODY (SOMA)
 DENDRITE
Dendrites:  AXON
Input

Cell body
Metabolism
Integrates dendritic signals

Axon Note:
Output each axon and dendrite can
have short branches at the end.
Neurons
Dendrites Cell Body
Myelin
Sheath

Dendrites of
Axon another neuron
Axon of another
neuron
 NEURON

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT of

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNCTION of NEURON:
SENSORY NEURON
MOTOR NEURON
INTERNEURON
(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
A

( Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

BASED TO THE NUMBER OF THEIR PROCESSES:

 GLIAL CELLS IN THE PERIFER AND CENTRE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. ASTROSIT with foot plates on a capillary; B. OLIGODENDROCYTE,
C. MICROGLIAL CELL; D. EPENDYMA
SELUBUNG MYELIN

KAPILER DARAH

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

 CELL TYPE FUNTION OF GLIAL CELL IN CNS & PNS
ASTROCYTE Web of astrocytes form tight sheats around the brain’s
blood capillaries. These sheats and the tight junction of
the endothelial cells were form blood-brain barrier (BBB)
BBB permeable to oxygen, CO2, water & alcohol.
Astrocyte function: regulationion of ions, nutrient,
consentrasi gas dissolved, absorbsion and recycling of
neurotransmiter, dan reparation of damage at neuron.
Large molecule penetrate it slowly.
OLIGODENDROCYTE Form the myelin sheats at CNS
MICROGLIA Usually stationary cells; in inflamed or degenerating
brain tissue, microglia carry on phagocytosis (engulf and
destroy microbes and cellular debries).
EPENDYMAL CELLS Are neuroglia that resemble epithelial cells, forming thin
sheets that lines fluid-filled cavities in the brain and the
spinal cord. Help in production, circulation, and
monitoring the cerebrospinal fluid.
SCHWANN CELL Form in the myelin sheat of axon, in the PNS, reparation
of damage on the neuron.

(Source: Thibodeau and Patton, 1993: pg 283)

CNS glial cells
CNS glial cells
Resting
Potential

Measured by
2 microelectrodes
(1 inside and 1
outside the cell).

Approximately
- 70 mVolt
( Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
AP
 AP
Conduction starts at the
axon hillock and occurs
in 1 direction because
previous region is in its
refractory period.
AP
 NEURON CONDITION AT REST
The typical concentration of proncipal ions in ECF & ICF of mammal
Ion (mM) Intra cells Extra cells Intra cells Extra cells
Na+ 15 140 15 155
K+ 143 4 125 4
Cl- 3 120 8 100

 Neuron maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their

membrane.
NOTE: At a Rest Condition:
• Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) at Mammal : ± (-70 Mv)
• Cell membrane is highly permeable to K ions  K ions channels in the cell
membrane are OPEN = K ions move out of the neuron.
• Cell membrane is far less permeble to Na ions.
• These condition produce a slight excess of positive ions on it outer surface.
 RPM (a rest condition).
The Na-K ions pump:
• Transport 3 Na ions out of a neuron for
every two potassium ions it moves into it,
= creates an imbalance in the
distribution of the positive ions.
• As this pump operates, the inside surfece
of membrane becomes slightly less
positive

Action Potential (AP)

ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na+ K+ ATP ase

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

NEURON ISTIRAHAT =
KONDISI POLAR

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

Role of ions Channels in maintaining the RMP:

 Some K ions channels are open in a “resting”

membrane.
 K ions diffuse down it concentration gradien
(out of the neuron).
 Add to the excess of the positive ions on the
outer surface of the plasma membrane.
 Diffusion of Na ions in the opposite direction
 is prevented from doing by closed
Na ions channels
NEURON STIMULATION:
STIMULUS  triggers Na channels to OPEN  Inward
Na ions diffusion  DEPOLARIZE a membrane

The treshold Potential is reached

More & more Na ions enters the neuron

The magnitude of the action potential peaks

(at +30 mV) whwn Na ions channels close

ACTION POTENSIAL = AP

REPOLARIZATION BEGIN WHEN

K IONS CHANNELS OPEN, ALLOWING
( Thibodeau & Patton, 1993) OUTWARD DIFFUSION OF K ions.
(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
 (Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

SPATIAL SUMMATION IS THE EFFECT PRODUCED BY SIMULTANEOUS

STIMULATION, BY A NUMBER OF SYNAPTIC KNOBS ON THE SAME POST
SYNAPTIC NEURON (Stimulus 1 + Stimulus 2 + etc……..).
 (Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

Temporal Summation: the effect produced by a rapid succession of stimuli on a

single post synaptic neuron.
Generation of the action potential at the axon hillock depends on the summation
of effect produce by all the inhibitory and the excitatory stimuli input to
the post synaptic neuron.
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
OUTLINES OF THE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISION
(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)
IMPULS PROPAGATION ON THE EXITATORIC-SYNAPS

AP FROM SOMA/AXON ARRIVE ON THE END AXON

(TERMINALIS BULB = TB)

PRESYNAPTIC-MEMBRANE ON TB BE PERMEABLE TO Ca2+

SO THAT Ca2+ ENTRY TO TB

VESICLE WITH NEUROTRANSMITTER MOVED TO THE END

OF PRESYNAPTIC-MEMBRANE

VESICLE BE BROKEN  EXOCYITOSIS  DIFFUSION OF

NEUROTRANSMITTER TO THE SYNAPTIC-GAP
 AND THEN TO THE POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
(THE NEXT NEURON CELL)

IMPULS PROPAGATION TO THE OTHER NEURON

 ON THE OTHER NEURON CELL

NEUROTRANSMITER COMBINE WITH THE SPECIFIC RESEPTOR

AT THE POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE,
FORMING THE NT-RESEPTOR COMPLEX

FORMING THE LOCAL-CURRENT AT

POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

TO THE AMOUNT OF LOCAL CURRENT WILL STIMULATE THE POST SYNAPTIC

MEMBRANE, WHEN STIMULUS REACH THE THRESHOLD

ACTION POTENTIAL
AT THE POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONAL AREA OF CEREBRAL CORTEX

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

THE 12 PAIR OF THE
CRANIALIS NERVOUS
SYSTEM.

(Thibodeau & Patton, 1993)

PROBLEM TO DISCUSS
After investigate the transmision mechanism
of the action potentials from a neuron to
an other, discuss the following problem (in
your group):
1. Explain the mechanism of depolarization,
repolarization, and t hyperpolarization at
the neuron membrane and in the neuron
synapses
2. Explain the mechanism of the inhibiting
effect of an anesthetic agent on the
excitatory synaps.
NEUROTRANSMITER

ACETYLCHOLIN (Acth)
ADRENALIN
GAMMA BUTIRIC ACID (GABA)
DOPAMIN
etc.

TASK: Explain the effect of them

on the synapses of neuron!