Quality Management for

Engineers

Quality Control
Lecture 2
 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING
for ATTRIBUTES (page 7)

Sentencing Batches

SAMPLING
PRODUCER
INSPECTION ACCEPT

CONSUMER
REJECT
 SINGLE SAMPLING PLAN (page 13)

• Select n items
• Accept batch if number of defectives ≤ c
• Reject batch if number of defectives > c
• Characterised by n, size of sample, and c, the acceptance
number
• Appropriate values of n and c for different requirements are
published in British Standards BS 6001
 OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
(page 7)

Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve

1
Probability of Acceptance

0
Proportion Defective in Batch
 IDEAL OC CURVE (page 8)

QUALITY QUALITY for which all

ACCEPTED batches REJECTED
0

Proportion Defective
All ‘good’ quality batches are ACCEPTED
All ‘bad’ quality batches are REJECTED
 Construction of OC Curves (page 9)
This OC curve corresponds to the single
sampling plan:
Sample size, n = 200
Acceptance number, c = 7
Rejection number = 8
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve
Sample Size = 200, Acceptance Number = 7, Rejection number = 8
1.0
0.9
If 3% of items being produced are
Probability of Accepting batch

0.8
defective, about 75% of submitted batches
0.7 will be accepted with this plan.
0.6

0.5

0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Percent Defective in Batch
 OC FUNCTION, P(θ) (for info)

• The binomial distribution is used when there are only two

possible outcomes each time an experiment is conducted.

• The binomial distribution gives the probability of observing

x ‘successes’ in n independent trials, when there is a constant
probability p of observing a ‘success’ on any one trial.

P(x)  n C x p x (1  p)n x
 OC FUNCTION, P(θ) (for info)

E.g.: Single sampling plan: n = 200 c = 7

P( )  Probability of acceptance

 Probability of 7 or less defectives
 P(0)  P(1)  P(2)  L  P(7)
 200 C 0 0.030 (1  0.03)(200 0)  200 C1 0.031 (1  0.03)(200 1)
 200 C2 0.032 (1  0.03)(200 2)  L  200 C7 0.037 (1  0.03)(200 7)
 0.0023  0.0140  0.0430  L  0.1398
 0.7461
Batches offered for inspection Result of operating plan
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
None rejected
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% One out of ten

2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3%
rejected
2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3%

3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

Four out of ten
rejected
3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%

6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%
Nine out of ten
rejected
6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

All rejected
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

CONSTRUCTION OF OC CURVES FOR SINGLE SAMPLING
PLANS (page 11)

Repeating this exercise leads to the following table:

0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.750

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.022 0.032

0.500 0.250 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010

0.046 0.064 0.084 0.097 0.110 0.126

The OC curve could now be drawn

 PRODUCER’S AND CONSUMER’S RISKS
(page 12)
PRODUCER’S RISK
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve

1

Probability of Acceptance

0
Proportion Defective in Batch
 PRODUCER’S AND CONSUMER’S RISKS
(page 12)
CONSUMER’S RISK
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve

1

Probability of Acceptance


0

0
Proportion Defective in Batch
 PRODUCER’S AND CONSUMER’S RISKS
(page 12)

• The Limiting Quality (LQ) would be agreed with the

Consumer.
• The consumer does not want batches of poorer quality than
LQ to be accepted before despatch.

• The Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) is for Producer control.

• The producer does not want batches of better quality than
AQL to be rejected.
 PRODUCER’S AND CONSUMER’S RISKS
(page 12)

A sampling plan which gives

rise to an OC curve that passes
1 through these two points is
1  then used to control the
Acceptance Sampling.

AQL LQ
 TUTORIAL 2

• Do Questions 1 to 7

• Tutorial 2 will be used again for QC Chapter 3, next lecture.