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EARTH’S WATER

 Earth’s
water budget is the total amount
of water in the planet.
 The largest reservoir is the ocean
(97.5%)
 Freshwater is only 2.5% and found in
glaciers (68.7), groundwater (30.1%),
permafrost (0.8%), surface water, and
atmospheric water.
 Residence time is the average
length of time spent by water
molecule in a reservoir.
RESIDENCE TIME FOR SPECIFIC RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR RESIDENCE TIME
Ocean and Ice sheets Thousand of years
Groundwater Tens to hundred of
years
Streams and rivers Few weeks
Atmosphere Few days
Organisms Few hours
SALTWATER RESERVOIR

 An ocean is a vast body of saline


water.
 The saltiness of water is called
salinity.
 The principal sources of the
elements dissolved in seawater are
weathering and volcanic eruptions.
Three major zones in the ocean:

 SurfaceLayer- consists of relatively


warm, low-density water, extends from
the ocean surface to a depth of 100m.
 Thermocline-
temperature of water
decreases rapidly with depth.
 Deep zone- where the temperature is
uniformly low.
 Thermohaline circulation- driven
by density differences, which is
controlled by temperature
(thermo) and salinity (haline).
Ocean’s Light Zone

euphotic zone disphotic zone

aphotic zone
FRESHWATER RESERVOIR

Glacier- a permanent body of


ice, which consists of largely of
crystallized snow.
Ice sheet is a mass of glacial ice
extending more than 50 000km2.
 Glaciers and ice sheets influence
global climate and hydrologic cycle.
 During glaciation, large amount of
water becomes locked as snow
resulting to a decrease in the volume
of run-off, a lower sea level, and an
exposure of more in the coastal areas.
Glaciers Ice Sheet
Permafrost

A soil, rock or sediment that is


frozen for more than two
consecutive years.
 Most of the permafrost is found in
Polar Regions although they may
exist in high-altitude areas.
 It comprises about 0.8% of the
total freshwater resource.
SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR

 It includes the streams, lakes, and


wetlands where the rainfall melting
snow and ice, and groundwater
flows.

 They represent 0.3% of the Earth’s


total water source.
Stream

 Itis a moving body of surface water


that flows downslope toward sea
level because of gravity. It has a
clearly-defined passageways called
channels where particles and
dissolved substances are transported.
River- stream with a considerable
volume and well-defined channel.
Tributaries- smaller streams.
Lakes
 Arelarge inland bodies of fresh or saline
water.
 Itforms in places where water collects
in a low area (depression) and behind
natural human-made dams.
 Ponds- small and shallow lakes.
 Dams- barriers constructed along
streams contain the flow of water.
Wetlands

 Land areas where water covers the


surface for significant periods.
 These are biologically diverse
environments filled with species that rely
both the land and water for survival.
 It constitute about 8.5% of the total land
surface and atmospheric water.
 Ligawasan Marsh
Types of Wetlands

Marsh
Swamp
Estuary
 Marsh-shallow wetland around lakes,
streams and oceans where grasses and
reeds are the dominant vegetation.
 Swamp- wetland with lush trees and
vegetation found in low-lying areas
beside slow-moving rivers.
 Estuary-partly enclosed body of water
where freshwater from stream meets
the saltwater from the sea.
Flood

 Itis a natural event


wherein an area
that is usually dry is
submerged under
water
Types of Flood

 Fluvial or riverine flood


 Occurs when stream’s
discharge is greater
that the capacity of
channel, causing the
stream to overflow
 Flashfloods
 Characterized by
intense, high-velocity
torrent of water that
occurs in an existing
river channel with little
to notice
 Coastal flood
 Occurs when
water
overwhelms in
low-lying areas
along the
coast.
 Pluvialor surface
water flood
 Occurs when heavy
rainfall creates a
flood event
independent of an
overflowing stream.
Groundwater

 Fresh water found in the rock


and soil layers beneath the
surface.
 It is the largest reservoir of liquid
fresh water on Earth.
 Aquifers-water bearing rock
layers
 Porosity is the total amount of
empty pores in the rock
 Permeability is the ability of the
rock or sediments to allow
water to pass through it.
Groundwater Profile

 Unsaturated zone (zone of aeration)


A zone in which spaces between
particles are filled mainly with air
 Zone of saturation
 Inthis layer, spaces between the
particles are filled with water
 Water table
 Boundary between zone of aeration and
zone of saturation.
 Capillary fringe
 Layer wherein groundwater seeps up to
fill the pore spaces in the zone of
aeration via capillary action.
Aquifers, Artesian Wells and
Springs

 Unconfined Aquifers
 An aquifer in which the groundwater is free
to rise to its natural level
 Confined Aquifers
 Thewater is trapped and held down by
pressure between impermeable rocks
called aquiclude.
 Artesian well
 Water could rise in this well without
pumping if the well is located at an
elevation, which is below the
recharge zone of the confined
aquifer.
 Spring
 Itis created when the
ground water emerges
from the ground.
 Itusually appear in
places where there is a
decrease in
permeability of
underlying materials.
Groundwater-Stream Relationship

 Losing or influent stream


 In losing streams, groundwater levels
are lower than water levels in the
stream, and water from the stream
recharges the groundwater system.
Several different conditions can cause
a stream to be a losing stream.
 Gaining or effluent stream
 Ina gaining stream, groundwater levels
are above the water level in the stream.
Under these conditions, the groundwater
system discharges water to the stream,
increasing flow in the stream.
Water as a Resource
Water as a Resource

 Most of the early human civilizations


where developed along the world’s
greatest rivers.
 Today, billions of people are still
dependent on water channels for food,
water, transportation, and recreational
and religious activities.
Activities affecting the Quality of
Water

1. Population growth, particularly in water-short


regions
2. Movement of large number of people from the
countryside to towns and cities
3. Demands for greater food security and higher
living standards.
4. Increased competition between different uses of
water resources
5. Pollution from factories, cities and farmlands
Land Subsidence

 sinking of the ground because of underground


material movement—is most often caused by the
removal of water, oil, natural gas, or mineral resources
out of the ground by pumping, fracking, or mining
activities.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND CONSERVATION

Water conservation includes all the policies,


strategies and activities to sustainably manage
the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the
hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future
human demand
DESALINATION

 Water desalination processes separate


dissolved salts and other minerals from
water.
Presidential Decree No. 424

 Presidential
Decree No. 424
creating a National Water
Resources Council, Reconstituting its
Membership, Vesting the same with
Powers to Coordinate and Integrate
Water Resources Development,
and Providing Funds
PD No. 1067 Water Code of the Philippines

 Appropriation, Control and


Conservation of Water Resources
 Water legislations are piecemeal
inadequate to cope with increasing
scarcity of water and changing
patterns of water use.
Executive Order No. 222

 ESTABLISHING THE COMMITTEE ON WATER


CONSERVATION AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT
 A nationwide Water Conservation Plan to
cover conservation measures focusing on
both the quality and quantity of water; and
the implementing mechanism for the Plan,
including the setting up of a "Water Patrol"
similar to the power patrol of the Department
of Energy.
Republic Act No. 8041

 National Water Crisis Act, 1995 (Republic Act


No. 8041 of 1995).
 This Act states the need for the government
to adopt urgent and effective measures to
address the nationwide water crisis which
adversely affects the health and well being
of the population, food production and
industrialization process.
Republic Act No. 9275: Philippine
Clean Water Act of 2004

 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE


WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
 It aims to protect the country’s water bodies
from pollution from land-based sources. It
provides for a comprehensive and integrated
strategy to prevent and minimize pollution
through a multi-sectoral and participatory
approach involving all the stakeholders.

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