Sri Ramayanti

1706990445
 Magnetic forces are
generated by moving
electrically charged
particles.
 The magnetic
properties of materials
are a consequence of
magnetic moments
associated wit individual
electrons.

dH
F  V0 H
dx
MAGNETIC DIPOLES

The magnetic moment

represented by a
vector
 Each electron in an atom has magnetic moments that
originate from two sources.
 From orbital motion around the nucleus;
 From each electron spin. Spin magnetic moments may be
only in an up direction or in anti parallel down direction
 very weak form of magnetism that is
nonpermanent and persists only while an
external field is being applied.
 Induced by a change in the orbital motion of
electrons due an applied magnetic field.
 The magnitude of the induces magnetic
moment is extremely small.
 In the absence of an external field, no dipoles
exist, in the presence of field, dipoles are
induced that are aligned opposite to the field
direction.
 each atom possesses a permanent dipole
moment by virtue of incomplete cancellation
of electron spin and/or orbital magnetic
moments.
In the absence of an
external magnetic field,
the orientations of these
atomic magnetic
moments are random.
 Both diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials
are considered to be nonmagnetic because they
exhibit magnetization only when in the presence
of an external field.
 materials possess a permanent magnetic
moment in the absence of an external field,
and manifest very large and permanent
magnetizations.

Material : iron, cobalt and nickel

 the alignment of the spin moments of
neighboring atoms or ions in exactly opposite
directions
 Example of material : MnO, NaCl structure,
MnF2
 Some ceramics also exhibit a spin magnetic moment
permanent magnetization configuration for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions
 Example : (ferrite – FeO.Fe2O3, in Fe3O4. Above the Curie
NiO.Fe2O3, CuO.Fe2O3, …) with temperature becomes
spinel structure. paramagnetic
18tf03
 raising the temperature of a solid results in an
increase in the magnitude of the thermal
vibrations of atoms -> atoms tends to
randomize the directions or may be aligned.
 All ferromagnetic materials have a Curie
Temperature, above which, the material
shows negligible magnetic properties.
 The Curie temperature for iron is 1043 K. This
is close to the temperature at which the
Austenite (gamma) phase of iron is stable
(1183 to 1673 K) but the two properties are
not related.
 Ferrite is a body-centered cubic (BCC, alpha
iron) form of iron. It is this crystalline
structure which gives steel and cast iron their
magnetic properties
• Hard magnets: large coercivity.
• Soft magnets: small coercivity.

Both ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic

materials are classified as either soft or hard on
the basis of their hysteresis characteristics.
 Callister, Jr. William D, Materials Science and
Engineering An Introduction 7th edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, America. 2007
 http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/c
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magnetism/magnetic-properties-of-
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