BUILDNING MATERIALS :

CEMENT
 CEMENT
 Cement is an artificial material manufactured by burning a
mixture of calcareous material (containing lime) silicious
material (containing silica) argillaceous material (containing
aluminia) in proper proportion at a very high temperature of
1400 to 1450° C to form calcined product known as clinker to
which a small quantity of gypsum (cas04) about 2 % to 3 % is
added to retard the action of flash setting and pulverised into
a very fine powder in a ball mill known as cement.
 There are two processes known as "wet" and "dry" processes
depending upon whether the mixing and grinding of raw
materials is done in wet or dry conditions.
 With a little change in the above process there is a semi-dry
process also where the raw materials are ground dry and
then mixed with about 10 to 14 per cent of water and then
burnt to clinkering temperature. This cement, on setting
appears like a variety of sand stone found in Portland in
England, and hence, the name Portland cement.
 CEMENT
 Cement is mostly supplied in bags. Each bag of cement
contains 35 litres or 0.035 cubic metre of cement.
 Cement, when mixed with water, a chemical action
takes place called hydration of cement as a result, the
cement paste first sets and finally hardens to a solid
mass.
 When mixed with water and sand it forms, mortar.

 When mixed with sand, crushed rock and water, it forms

Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) and with addition of
steel, it becomes reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.).
 Being a very good binding material, it is considered as
one of the most important building materials and
largely employed in all kinds.
 GRADES OF CEMENT
Grade refers to the compressive strength of cement at
28 days, when tested as per IS: 4031-1988.

(a) 33 Grade: It has compressive strength not less than

33 N / mm2.

(b) 43 Grade: It has compressive strength not less than

43 N / mm2.

(c) 53 Grade: It has compressive strength not less than

53 N / mm2.
 TEST ON CEMENT
 The colour should be grey greenish and it should be
uniform.
 When touched, cement should feel uniform, and cool. It
should be free from lumps.
 Cement, when thrown into a bucket of water in small
quantity, the particles should float for some time before
they sink.
 The weight of residue on Sieve No.9 should be less than
10% and the specific surface of cement should be more
than 2250 mm2/ gm. as per Fineness Test (Degree of
grinding of cement). It increases the quality of cement.
 The expansion of cement should not be more than 10
mm as per Soundness Test (Le Chateliar method)
 USES OF CEMENT
 Cement slurry is used for filling cracks in concrete structures.
 Cement mortar is used for masonry work, plastering and
pointing.
 Cement concrete is used for the construction of various
structures like buildings, bridges, water tanks, tunnels,
docks, harbours, bridges etc.
 Cement is used to manufacture lamp posts, telephone posts,
railway sleepers, piles etc.
 For manufacturing cement pipes, garden seats, dust bins,
flower pots etc. cement is commonly used.
 It is useful for the construction of roads, footpaths, courts for
various sports etc.
 Coloured cement is used for interior and exterior
decorative works.
 TYPES OF CEMENT
By changing properties and adding certain ingredients it
is possible to obtain which can exhibit different qualities
for the use under different conditions.
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Quick setting Cement
3. Rapid hardening Cement
4. Low heat Cement
5. Blast furnace slag Cement
6. Port land Pozzolana Cement
7. Sulphate resisting Cement
8. High alumina Cement
9. Air entrained Cement
10. Expansive Cement
11. White Cement
12. Coloured Cement
 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
 It is one of the most important building material
admirably suited for use in general concrete
construction, where there is no exposure to sulphate in
the soil or in ground water.
 It is used as a binding material with sand and crushed
rock.
 When mixed with sand and water it forms cement
mortar which is used for stone an wall construction,
jointing and plastering.
 When mixed with sand, crushed rock and forms cement
concrete and with steel it forms reinforced cement
concrete.
 This cement is manufactured on a large scale.
 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
USES :
 It is used in all construction work such as foundation,
slabs, beams, columns, curtain walls, lintel tanks, pipes,
posts.

 For important and heavy structures such as dams,

bridges, roads, culverts etc.
 QUICK SETTING CEMENT
 This type of cement has the quick setting property
known as quick setting cement.
 This cement starts setting within five minutes on ad
water to it.
 This property is achieved by reducing the percentage of
gypsum and adding certain amount of sulphate during
grinding process of manufacture of cement.

USES :
It is used where work is to be completed in very short
time such as concreting in a static or running water.
 RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
 This type of cement contains high percentage of lime
than ordinary cement.
 It is burnt at very high temperature and fine grinding is
done, which it to attain greater strength at early ages ;
that is why it is known as high-early cement or rapid
hardening cement.

USES :
 This cement is used in construction work when early
strength is necessary for early removal of form-work for
reuse.
 To open the road to traffic with minimum delay, winter
concreting, urgent repair works, wall sealing etc.
 LOW HEATCEMENT
 This type of cement is manufactured by reducing the
percentage of lime and alumina.
 The heat of hydration generated in this cement is very
low.
 The high heat of hydration generated in mass concrete
structures is dangerous because it may cause cracks due
to development of internal stresses during setting.
 Low heat cement also has a better inherent resistance to
chemical deterioration than ordinary portland cement.

USES :
Low heat cement which generates low heat of hydration
is very suitable for mass concrete structures such as
retaining walls, dams, and bridges etc.
 BLAST FURNACE SLAGCEMENT
 It is manufactured by adding 25% to 60% blast furnace
lag to the clinker during the manufacture of Portland
cement.
 The blending by no means detracts from any desired
property of cement. Indeed, it confers upon it some
additional advantages.

USES :
In view of its low heat evolution, it can be used in mass
concrete structures such as retaining walls, dams, bridge
abutments, foundation, sea-water construction, and such
works that are subjected to sulphate and acidic attack.
 PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT
 This is the most ancient type of manufactured cement.
 It was first made from naturally occuring volcanic ash
obtained from Mount Vesuvius in the di trict of Pozzuoli
in Italy and hence, the name.
 The ash contains silicates of calcium, aluminium, iron
etc. An intimate mixture of volcanic ash and lime is
heated at a high temperature to give Pozzolana cement.

USES :
Portland Pozzolana has a low heat evolution and is
therefore widely used for the construction of large dams
(Bhakra dam), marine structures, sewage works etc.
 SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT
 This type of cement is manufactured by reducing the
percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6%.
 It resists the action of acids, alkalies, fumes, gases and
sea water.

USES :
 It is used for the construction of tanks, pipe lines, sewers
etc. at chemical plants.
 It is also used for the construction of docks, harbours, to
protect them from the action of sea water.
 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
 This type of cement is manufactured by mixing
aluminum ore, bauxite and lime.
 It is a type of rapid hardening cement. Its initial setting
time is 3· 5 hours and final setting time is 5 hours.
 Hence, it used in situation, where more time is required
for mixing and placing concrete.
 Due to its high early strength, the speed of construction
is also increased.

USES :
 It is useful for road-works and for early removal of form
works for reuse.
 It is also used in concrete works where it has to resist
frost, high temperature, acids, alkalies.
 AIR- ENTRAINEDCEMENT
 The cement is made by mixing a small amount of air
entraining agent like alkali salts of wood resins.
 If resists frost action.

USES :
 The primary purpose of air entrainment cements to
increase the durability of the hardened concrete,
especially in climates subject to freeze-thaw
 The secondary purpose is to increase workability of the
concrete while in a plastic state.
 EXPANSIVE CEMENT
 This cement expands as it sets.

 This property is achieved by adding expanding medium

like sulpho aluminate and a stabilizing agent to ordinary
cement.

USES :
 This is used for filling the cracks in concrete structures.
 WHITE CEMENT
 It is ordinary Portland cement white in colour.
 It is manufactured from raw materials which are entirely
free from iron-oxide.
 In the manufacture of this cement, the oil fuel is used
instead of coal for burning.

USES :
It is useful for works such as external renderings of
buildings, facing slabs, terrazzo tiles and floorings, bath-
rooms, water closets, garden paths, ornamental concrete
products, etc.
 In swimming pools white cement is used to replace glazed
tiles.
 It is used for fixing marbles and glazed tiles.
 COLOURED CEMENT
 The cements of desired colours are produced by
intimately mixing pigments with ordinary cement.

 The chlorium oxide gives green colour. Cobalt produce

blue colour.
 Iron oxide with different proportion produce brown, red
or yellow colour.
 Addition of manganese dioxide gives black or brown
coloured cement.

USES :
 The are used for interior and exterior decorative works.

 These cements are used for giving finishing touches to

floors, walls, window sills, roofs etc.